Due process & rights
What are Civil Liberties
Individual rights protected by law from government inference (will also take "Individual rights protected by law")
What is Kent v. United States
The case that established that juveniles have the right to a hearing before being transferred to adult court.
What is Rhode Island v. Innis?
The Court clarified that “interrogation” includes not just direct questioning but also actions likely to elicit incriminating responses.
What is Civics?
The study of the rights and duties of citizenship.
What is Probable Cause?
A reasonable basis for law enforcement to believe a crime has occurred, allowing them to make an arrest or conduct a search.
What is Due process
The Constitution's guarantee that all levels of government must operate within the law
This case ruled that evidence obtained illegally (without a proper warrant) cannot be used in court.
What is United States v. Miller?
The Court ruled a sawed-off shotgun was not protected under the Second Amendment, allowing more regulation of certain firearms.
What is a Jury?
A group of citizens selected to listen to a trial and decide guilt or innocence based on evidence.
What is a Warrant?
A legal document issued by a judge that authorizes a search, seizure, or arrest.
What is Double Jeopardy
the legal rule/law that states someone cannot be tried twice for the same crime once they have been convicted of it
What is Miranda v. Arizona
The case that required police to inform suspects of their constitutional protections (Miranda rights) when in custody
What is Ewing v. California?
This case reinforced the use of harsher penalties for repeat offenders and strengthened "three strikes" laws.
What is Indict?
When a grand jury formally charges a person with a serious crime, starting the criminal process.
What is Search and seizure?
The process by which law enforcement examines property or takes evidence for an investigation.
What is Self-incrimination
the act of exposing yourself to criminal prosecution by providing evidence that may be used against you (will also take "exposing yourself to the courts or turning yourself in")
What is Gideon v. Wainwright
the case that ruled states must provide free legal counsel to ensure fair trials for defendants who cannot afford a lawyer
What is Ingraham v. Wright?
The Court ruled that corporal punishment in schools does not violate the Eighth Amendment, limiting federal intervention in school discipline.
What is Reasonable doubt?
The level of uncertainty a jury must have before deciding someone is guilty; if there’s uncertainty, they must acquit.
What is Bail?
Money paid to the court to temporarily release a person from jail while they wait for their trial.
What is False imprisonment
Holding or confirming someone without legal authority
What is Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. School District?
The Supreme Court ruled that students do not lose their free speech rights at school, as long as the speech doesn’t disrupt learning (involved black armbands).
What is Coy v. Ohio?
The court ruled that testimony behind a screen violated the defendant’s right to confront witnesses.
What is Acquittal?
A legal judgment that officially clears a defendant of charges against them.
What is Contempt of court?
Any action that shows disrespect or defies the authority of the court, hindering justice.