Required Cases
Baker v. Carr and Shaw v. Reno both challenge the topic of Gerrymandering. The two rhyming types of Gerrymandering are...
Cracking and Packing
Hamilton said that the executive needed to act with "energy" in this Federalist Paper
Federalist No. 70
Congress uses this power to monitor the Bureaucracy by using hearings and investigations
Congressional Oversight
These are the three economic goals of the government
1. Full Employment
2. Price Stability
3. Economic Growth
The three branches of government use this to keep power equal
Checks + Balances
This case established the "One person, One vote" rule
Baker v. Carr
In this Federalist Paper, Hamilton says that the Judicial branch is the least dangerous branch of government because it has neither the power of the "sword" or "purse" like the other two branches
Federalist No. 78
These large units are major organizations of the Executive branch such as Defense and State, and their heads serve in the President's cabinet
Executive Departments
This executive bank is completely independent and controls Monetary Policy
The Federal Reserve
This fraction of both Houses of Congress is needed to override a Presidential veto
Two-thirds
This part of the 14th amendment was used in both Gerrymandering-focused required cases for this unit
Equal Protection Clause
This Judicial power was foreshadowed in Federalist No. 78, though not granted until the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison
Judicial Review
The FBI and IRS are examples of this sub-unit of executive departments
Federal Agencies
Congress can slow economic growth by doing this
Increasing taxes and/or Lowering spending
This concept asserts that the President has sole control over agency actions and ability to fire officials
Unitary Executive Theory
In Marbury v. Madison, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was challenged because it unconstitutionally expanded the Court's original jurisdiction. Which part of the Constitution did it violate?
Article III (outlined powers of the Supreme Court)
Hamilton argues for lifetime appointments of Supreme Court judges in Federalist No. 78, but only in times of this condition
Good Behavior
This rotten system awarded federal jobs based on political loyalty and personal connections rather than merit
The Spoils System
The three mechanisms to alter money supply are...
Open Market Operations, Reserve Requirements, and Discount Rate
The President can do this to check the Judicial system
Nominate judges to Federal Courts
In Marbury v. Madison, Marbury used this kind of court order which would have made James Madison deliver his judicial commission
A Writ of Mandamus
Federalist No. 70 focuses on an energized executive and No. 78 focuses on Judicial independence. However, both revolve around this Constitutional principle that prevents one branch from overbalancing the others
Separation of Powers and/or Checks and Balances
This figure represents the relationship between the Bureaucracy, interest groups/lobbyists, and Congressional committees/subcommittees
The Iron Triangle
This theory, usually associated with fiscal policy, believes that government spending should increase during a recession to increase demand
Keynesian Economics
The Legislative branch uses this to "check" the Bureaucracy by manipulating funding
Power of the Purse