Explores and Leaders
In 1492, this Genoese navigator, sponsored by Spain, crossed the Atlantic and landed in what he thought was the East Indies, opening the Americas to European exploration.
Chistopher Columbus
What religious groups coexisted in Al-Andalus?
Muslims, Jews, and Christians
The demand for labor created by plantation economies led directly to this global system.
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
This system of transatlantic trade involved the exchange of enslaved people, goods, and raw materials between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Triangular Trade
Name three big events that happened in 1492 in Spain.
-Fall of Grenada, completion of the Reconquista
-Columbus sails to the Caribbean
-Expulsion of the Jews of Spain
This Spanish conquistador led the expedition that brought down the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico, defeating Montezuma II.
Hernan Cortes
What do you call the process of expansion of the Christian kingdoms to the south?
Reconquista
This Spanish system of labor was intended to reward conquistadors with control over indigenous workers but often led to widespread abuse and exploitation.
Encomienda System
This economic hub shows how Spain’s empire was driven by resource extraction.
Potosí
These Christian campaigns aimed to reclaim holy lands from Islamic rule and led to increased interactions between Europe and the Middle East.
The Crusades
These monarchs funded Columbus’s voyage.
King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile
What is the name for independent Muslim kingdoms after the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba?
Taifas
These laws attempted—but largely failed—to improve conditions for Indigenous peoples.
The New Laws of 1542
This colonial system reflects earlier hierarchies seen between Muslims and non-Muslims in Al-Andalus.
The Casta system
This ruler declared himself caliph and strengthened Muslim Spain.
Abd al-Rahman III
This explorer was the first European to reach the Americas.
What restrictions did the non-Muslims have in Al-Andalus?
(Bonus points if you know the name for these peoples)
-They couldn't have authority over the Muslims.
-They had to pay special taxes.
-They had to wear a special badge.
-They had to obey Muslim laws.
-They couldn’t carry weapons.
What are some diseases that Europeans brought to the Americas?
Smallpox, Influenza, Yellow Fever, and Malaria
This earlier invasion of Iberia in 711 began centuries of Muslim rule.
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
This Jewish statesman and military leader served in a Muslim court.
Samuel ibn Naghrillah
The last Muslim ruler of Granada who surrendered in 1492.
Boabdil
This North African Berber dynasty replaced the Almoravids and established a powerful empire in Al-Andalus during the 12th century, promoting a more orthodox form of Islam and overseeing a period of both cultural and military consolidation.
the Almohads
Name three different indigenous communities colonized by the Spanish.
Taino, Aztecs, Incas
This device allowed sailors to determine latitude using the stars.
Astrolabe
This female Indigenous interpreter and advisor played a crucial role in Cortés’ conquest of the Aztecs.
Malitzin (Dona Maria or La Malinche)