Heat
What is the variable that measures the effect of humidity on how hot it feels?
Heat index; also acceptable: wet bulb temperature
The __ effect describes the phenomenon where more rainfall occurs on the windward side of mountains where it is lifted up, and less rainfall occurs on the other side where air descends.
__ is an abnormal rise in water level in coastal areas caused by forces generated from a severe storm's wind, waves, and low atmospheric pressure.
Storm surge
Most extreme events have a ____ (shorter/longer) return period under global warming.
Shorter
Which country has the highest cumulative CO2 emissions?
United States
What is the effect that explains why cities are warmer than areas with high vegetation? Why are minority communities more likely to be found in hot neighborhoods?
The urban heat island effect; redlining in the 1930s.
The ITCZ moves ______ during boreal summer and ______ during boreal winter.
northward; southward
A reservoir drying up is an example of __________ drought.
hydrological
In general, climate change is making extreme heat _________ likely and extreme cold ________ likely.
more ; less
GDP and emissions of a country are ______ correlated.
Positively
Vegetation leads to a local cooling because of _________ .
evapotranspiration
Two mechanisms for forming precipitation are surface [convergence/divergence] and [upslope/downslope] winds.
convergence; upslope
A location in a drought is ____ susceptible to floods.
more
Record events such as extreme precipitation and heatwaves often occur when trend and variability act in the __ (same/opposite) direction
same
Over most of Earth's history, the climate was much _____ than it is nowadays.
warmer
Name one direct and one indirect health effect of extreme heat.
direct = heat stroke, heart attack
indirect = (ozone and particulate) pollution, lung problems
Rising motion in the Hadley circulation is located at the __________ . Sinking motion in the Hadley circulation is located at the __________ .
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)/equator ; horse latitudes/subtropics/30° N/S.
Name two downstream impacts of droughts.
Fire; habitat loss; decreased water quality; less hydropower (and thus more GHG emissions); and more
What does the decimal number in the SSP scenarios stand for? (e.g., 8.5 in SSP5-8.5)
Radiative forcing in W/m2 in this scenario by 2100
Which sector is responsible for most of Seattle's GHG emissions?
Transportation (58% in 2022)
Nights are ___ in dry regions than humid regions due to the lack of ___ effect
warmer/cooler ; water vapor's greenhouse
Name two main contributors to monsoon rainfall.
movement of the ITCZ; differential heating of land and ocean
The consensus is that climate change will intensify the water cycle, making wet seasons wetter and dry seasons drier. If this is the consensus, why is it so hard to project future trends in floods and droughts?
What is the procedure for conducting an extreme-event attribution study?
run multiple simulations with/without a certain forcing (e.g., present-day CO2); determine how much more likely the event was relative to pre-industrial age, accounting for internal variability
Snowball Earth is caused by _____ runaway feedback
ice albedo