Trauma
Black, red, yellow and green
what are the colors of rapid triage assessment?
a client with _____ skull fracture will likely require surgery
what is depressed
complications of head injury such as altered LOC, N/V, Headache and or confusion
what are early signs of increased ICP
SCI is classified by:
what is mechanism of injury, level of injury (skeletal and neurologic), degree of injury (complete or incomplete)
clients with injury to the head or spine require adequate blood flow for tissue perfusion to prevent secondary injury. This medication is most commonly used to maintain adequate blood pressure and maintain tissue perfusion to the brain/spinal cord.
what is norepinephrine?
CPP= map -icp
*normal CPP (60-80)
*clients with brain injury require MAP 80-100 or higher
potential complication from leg or arm fractures
what is compartment syndrome?
Raccoon eyes or battle's sign indicate?
what is basilar skull fracture
these are progressive symptoms of increased ICP and brain herniation
what is: loss of consciousness, pupillary dilation, changes in respiratory pattern
patients with this level of injury are very high risk for total loss of respiratory muscle function
what is C3-C5
c3 and above is certain loss of resp muscle function
c4 and c5 may have some ability and must be constantly monitored for s/s resp failure
these medications are indicated for clients with head injury, increased ICP and spinal cord injury due to the reduction in inflammation/swelling and enhancement of cerebral blood flow
what are corticosteroids ?
*not indicated for TBI
*what other monitoring parameters?
VS: HR 128, RR 29, BP 80/50
what is hypovolemic shock?
this type of head injury manifests as widespread axonal damage resulting in global cerebral edema; may have decreased LOC, increased ICP and posturing such as decortication/decerebration
what is diffuse axonal injury?
cluster of symptoms that are signs of brain herniation seen with increased ICP
what is Cushing's Triad
this life threatening condition can occur in patients with spinal cord injuries at T6 or above
what is autonomic dysreflexia
this medication is indicated to improve cerebral blood flow and to reduce ICP caused from cerebral edema
what is mannitol
cerebral edema can be vasogenic (most common), cytotoxic, or interstitial
most common organ system injured with abdominal trauma
what is small bowel?
this medical emergency presents with initial loss of consciousness followed by brief lucidity followed by decreased LOC, N/V, H/A; must be evacuated STAT!
what is epidural hematoma
this abnormal response with flexion of arms\leg extension (decorticate posturing);or extension and adduction of arms\leg hyperextension (decerebrate posturing) are signs of?
what are motor function changes that are signs of brain herniation
this complication occurs immediately after injury and is characterized by complete loss of reflex function, flaccid paralysis, loss of bladder/rectal control and sensation; can last days to weeks (temporary loss of spinal cord functions below lesion)
what is spinal shock
reappearance of reflexes and spasticity indicate resolution of spinal shock
another treatment for cerebral edema, given cautiously to avoid rapid overcorrection and requires close monitoring of client status and serum sodium levels
what is hypertonic saline (3% sodium chloride)?
most severe complication from seat belt or blunt abdominal impact
what is abdominal compartment syndrome?
this complication of head injury can occur with open fractures and or when External ventricular device is present
what is bacterial meningitis?
most common cause of increased ICP which occurs in the white matter related to the disrupted blood/brain barrier allowing large particles like blood and proteins to enter brain tissue, resulting in increased extracellular fluid volume
what is vasogenic cerebral edema
this life threatening complication occurs with SCI at T6 or higher due to loss of sympathetic tone, and can be persistent; includes more pronounced cardiovascular effects (bradycardia) and severe hypotension due to the widespread vasodilation.
what is neurogenic shock?
clients with head injury can develop SIADH characterized by hypotonic hyponatremia and urinary hyperosmolality; this medication can be used to increase serum sodium
what is Tolvaptan (Samsca)?