Black Codes
What are Black Codes?
laws that were designed to regulate the behavior and control the movements of newly freed African Americans
What was the purpose of Jim Crow Laws?
Jim Crow Laws were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Separate races in society
What is the 15th Amendment?
The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution granted African American men the right to vote
Who is Homer Plessy? What did he do?
In 1892, Plessy deliberately sat in a “whites-only” train car in New Orleans as part of a planned challenge to Louisiana’s Separate Car Act, which mandated separate railway cars for Black and white passengers.
What did the Little Rock Nine try to do?
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students who tried to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957. After the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, these students volunteered to be the first African Americans to attend the previously all-white school.
What type of restrictions did the Black Codes put on African Americans?
Restrictions on African Americans' ability to own property, work in certain occupations, assemble in groups, and move freely
Which rights are restricted under Jim Crow Laws? List Two
Marriage and Family
Education
Public Accommodation
Transportation
Voting
What is a Literacy Test?
African Americans were required to pass difficult literacy tests to prove they could read and write before being allowed to vote.
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson?
The Court ultimately ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional, allowing racial segregation to continue for decades.
What did Governor Faubus instruct the National Guard to do regarding the Little Rock Nine?
Block the students from entering the school
doesn't not support desegregation
What years were Black Codes followed?
1865-1866
Which rights are restricted under Jim Crow Laws? list three
Marriage and Family
Education
Public Accommodation
Transportation
Voting
What is a Poll Tax?
Voters had to pay a fee, known as a poll tax, before casting their vote.
Many African Americans, who were economically disadvantaged due to systemic discrimination, could not afford to pay the tax.
This effectively excluded many Black citizens from participating in elections
What Supreme Court case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson?
Brown vs. Board of Education
What actions did President Dwight Eisenhower take in response to Governor Faubus's refusal to allow desegregation in Arkansas schools?
Orders the 101st airborne division to go to the school to help the Little Rock Nine into school
What were labor contracts, and how did they impact African Americans?
African Americans had to have a yearly labor contract stating that they had a job and if they didn’t they could be fined and their children could be taken away (limited freedom, stuck in low wages, restricted mobility)
What might have been the long-term consequences of Jim Crow laws on American society?
Limited Educational Opportunities
Economic Disadvantages
Stereotypes
Psychological and Emotional Impact
What is the Grandfather Clause?
The grandfather clause allowed individuals to vote only if their grandfathers had voted before 1867.
Since most African Americans’ ancestors had been enslaved and were unable to vote before 1867, this clause barred them from voting.
What was the decision in Brown v. Board of Education? What amendment was violated?
In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal, stating that segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
How did the Boycott impact society and create change for the future?
The boycott led to a Supreme Court decision in 1956 that ruled segregation on public buses unconstitutional, ending the practice of separating passengers based on race.
Browder v. Gayle (1956)
What year was the 15th Amendment ratified?
The 15th Amendment was passed by Congress on February 26, 1869, and ratified on February 3, 1870.
What is Oliver Browns daughter's name? Why is she important?
Linda brown
fighting to go to white only school closer to her house and desegregate schools
Who was involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King Jr.
NAACP Leaders
E.D. Nixon – A civil rights leader and member of the NAACP who helped organize the boycott and provided legal support for Rosa Parks.
Jo Ann Robinson – A professor at Alabama State College and a member of the Women’s Political Council (WPC), she played a key role in organizing and spreading the word about the boycott.