Energy systems
What pathway produces the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which energy source do slow twitch fibers primarily rely on to generate ATP?
These fibers primarily rely on aerobic respiration (using oxygen) to generate ATP
What is the formula for Cardiac output ?
Heart rate X Stroke volume
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
Which energy system kicks in the fastest for short bursts of energy?
ATP-PC
Power and explosiveness, anaerobic, fast contraction, low fatigue resistance. Which muscle fiber type is this profiling?
Type IIx (Fast-Twitch)
Which node is the pacemaker of the heart?
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node
What is external respiration?
External respiration is the gas exchange that happens in the lungs between the air and blood
How do the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems contribute differently to the performance demands in sports like marathon running vs soccer?
Marathon running relies heavily on the aerobic energy system for sustained, low-to-moderate intensity activity.
Soccer, with its bursts of high-intensity activity interspersed with periods of rest and low-intensity movement, requires both aerobic and anaerobic systems, with anaerobic pathways playing a more significant role during sprints and quick changes in direction.
These fibers contract quickly and are recruited for activities that require a combination of endurance and strength
Fast-Twitch (Type IIa) Fibers
What happens to Heart rate and stroke volume in a trained individual compared to an untrained individual?
In the trained individual, HR decreases and SV increases.
What is the relationship between the ventilatory threshold and exercise intensity?
VT1 signals the transition from light to moderate intensity, while VT2 marks the transition from moderate to high intensity
Jolene is exercising and has to rest because her muscles start to ache with a burning sensation. What is most likely responsible for this?
Lactic acid
These fibers are highly resistant to fatigue because they have a large number of mitochondria, rich blood supply, and high levels of myoglobin, which help sustain prolonged activity without tiring quickly.
Slow-Twitch (Type I) Fibers
Systolic blood pressure refers to the pressure
in the arteries during the contraction phase
in the arteries during the relaxation phase
in the veins during the contraction phase
in the veins during the relaxation phase
1. in the arteries during the relaxation phase
What is VO2 max?
maximum amount of oxygen your body can use during intense exercise
Explain the role of oxygen in the aerobic energy system.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
An elite sprinter and an elite marathon runner both undergo extensive training in their respective sports. How would you expect the muscle fiber composition of each athlete to differ, and how would the changes in myosin ATPase activity, and mitochondrial density differ?
An elite sprinter would likely have a higher proportion of fast-twitch (Type II) muscle fibers, An elite marathon runner would have a higher proportion of slow-twitch (Type I) muscle fibers
- Sprinter would have high myosin ATPase activity
- Marathon runner would have low myosin ATPase activity
-Sprinter would have low mitochondrial density, marathon runner would have high mitochondrial density
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic is the contraction phase, the force of the blood flow when blood is pumped out of the heart
Diastolic- the relaxation phase, measured when the heart is filling with blood.
This is the process where oxygen diffuses from the blood into the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood
Internal respiration