Theorists
What does Maria Montessori believe?
Promoting the usage of 5 senses for a more complex understanding and/or promoting personal care and care for the environment.
What elements make up information processing?
Attention, memory, processing speed, organization of thinking, and metacognition.
What are the milestones of 7-8 month olds (social engagement, attention to language, and communicative intent/effort) ?
Social: engages with adults, eye contact, vocalizes, references back, imitates
Attention: responds to name, follows commands with gesture
Communicative: eye contact, vocalizes, gestures to indicate wants
What is language?
The process of making sounds and developing and sharing meaning about the world and your experience in it.
What is scaffolding?
The teaching method that helps students learn more by working with a teacher or more advanced students.
What does Noam Chomsky believe?
He believes that all individuals possess a universal grammar.
What is the theory of multiple intelligences and who proposed it?
What are the milestones for 12 to 15 months (social engagement, attention to language, and communicative intent/effort)?
Social: follows commands without gesture, initiates more, points, follows point of another
Attention: follows commands without gesture, gestures to song, points to body parts
Communicative: points to indicate wants, first words
Single words that convey complete ideas.
What are the limitations of standardized testing?
Cultural bias, reliance on language as a basis for testing, stereotype threat, time limitations, unequal access to resources, test anxiety, and personal trials prior
Why does Carol Gilligan object Kohlberg’s theory?
She believes that women approach ethical problems differently than men.
What happens to children who have their left hemispheres surgically removed?
They can re-learn, slowly and with lots of practice, how to speak. The right hemisphere can take over for the missing left, but it is not as efficient in its work.
What are the milestones for 18 month olds (social engagement, attention to language, and communicative intent/effort)?
Social: engages with others, imitates, initiates social exchange, showing behaviour
Attention: follows many and more complex commands, points to pictures in a book
Communicative: uses words to indicate wants, uses words in pretend play
What is telegraphic speech?
When putting words together, children use the words that are the most meaningful.
What is ADHD? What is dyslexia?
ADHD: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is when individuals have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviours, or being overly active.
Dyslexia: when an individual has difficulty learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols, but that does not affect general intelligence.
Which theorist talks about the zone of proximal development, and what does this term mean?
Vygotsky.
The zone of proximal development refers to what we can do with the help of an adult, technology, or the more knowledgeable other. It is the distance between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported, and what they can do supported.
What is the difference between fluid versus crystallized intelligence?
Fluid: Involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education.
Crystallized: Based upon facts and rooted in experience. As we age, and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger.
What are the milestones for 24 month olds (social engagement, attention to language, and communicative intent/effort))
Social: demands attention, lots of showing behaviour, engages constantly
Attention: understands the environment, understands complex directives, understands other people’s conversations
Communicative: knows 200 or more words, uses 2-word combinations or longer, uses language for wide range of purposes, pretend play more complex
What is receptive language? What is productive language?
Receptive language is the understanding of spoken and written word, before acquiring.
Productive language is the ability to use the spoken or written word.
What is the theory of mind?
The understanding that people don’t share the same thoughts and feelings as you do develops during childhood.
What are Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral development?
Obedience and punishment
Self-interest
Accord and conformity
Authority and maintenance of social order
Social contract
Universal ethical problems
What are Gardner’s 8 intelligences?
Verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, musical intelligence, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.
If the left hemisphere becomes the language center for most adults, what happens if in childhood, it is compromised by disease?
Brain seizures such as those resulting from epilepsy and Rasmussen’s syndrome have a devastating effect on the brain development in some children.