Population and economic development patterns
What percentage of the world's population lives within 1,000 km of the sea?
75% of the world's population lives within 1,000 km of the sea.
What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) explain?
The DTM explains how birth and death rates change over time as a country develops economically.
What are two key advantages of an aging population?
Advantages include experienced workforce in certain sectors and grandparents providing childcare, enabling parents to work.
What is urbanization?
The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas.
How does rapid population growth put pressure on natural resources?
Increases demand for water, food, and land, leading to deforestation and overuse of resources.
Name two physical factors that influence population distribution at the global scale.
Examples include fertile valleys (e.g., the Nile Valley), areas with a regular supply of water, and temperate climates.
What is natural increase, and how is it calculated?
Natural increase is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate, expressed as a percentage.
What is the older dependency ratio (ODR), and why is it important?
The ODR is the ratio of people aged 65+ to working-age individuals; it affects economic sustainability and pension systems.
Name two pull factors that attract people to cities
Job opportunities and better healthcare/education
What is carrying capacity in relation to population growth?
The maximum number of people that an environment can sustainably support with available resources.
What income thresholds does the World Bank use to classify LICs, MICs, and HICs?
LICs: <$1,025, Lower MICs: $1,026–$4,035, Upper MICs: $4,036–$12,475, HICs: >$12,475.
Describe the five stages of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
Stage 1: High birth and death rates; Stage 2: High birth, falling death rates; Stage 3: Falling birth and death rates; Stage 4: Low birth and death rates; Stage 5: Population decline.
What is the demographic dividend, and how does it impact economic growth?
The demographic dividend is the economic boost that occurs when fertility rates drop, reducing dependency ratios and increasing the workforce.
What is a megacity, and give one example
A city with over 10 million people; e.g., Tokyo, New York, or Mumbai.
How does an aging population affect healthcare systems?
Increases demand for healthcare services, elderly care, and pensions, creating economic strain on governments.
What are some characteristics of areas with high population densities?
High population densities are found in areas with fertile land, reliable water supply, and a favorable climate, such as temperate zones.
What factors influence the total fertility rate (TFR) in a country?
Factors include the status of women, level of education, economic conditions, government policies, health care, and religious beliefs.
Explain the differences between pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies with examples.
Pro-natalist policies encourage population growth (e.g., France's family benefits), while anti-natalist policies limit births (e.g., China’s one-child policy).
What is the difference between formal and informal housing in rapidly growing urban areas?
Formal housing is legally built with infrastructure, while informal housing (e.g., slums) lacks proper services and regulatio
What are two major consequences of climate change linked to population growth?
Rising sea levels (due to increased emissions) and desertification (from overuse of land).
Explain the core-periphery pattern in population distribution and economic development.
The core-periphery pattern shows economic and population concentration in urbanized, developed 'core' areas, while rural 'periphery' regions lag behind in development.
Explain the causes and consequences of forced migration with examples.
Forced migration can be due to conflict (e.g., Syrian refugees), development projects (e.g., Three Gorges Dam in China), and environmental disasters (e.g., hurricanes, desertification).
What are the three main components of the USA's Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA 2000)?
Protection (for victims), Prosecution (of traffickers), and Prevention (reducing trafficking through education and policies).
Explain how urbanization contributes to traffic congestion and air pollution in megacities.
High population density leads to more vehicles, increasing emissions and congestion due to limited infrastructure.
Explain how migration can lead to cultural integration and social tensions in host countries.
Migration can introduce new cultural influences (food, traditions), but also lead to tensions over jobs, resources, and social policies.