Chemistry of Life
What are the types of biomacromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What is the cell membrane made out of?
Phospholipids and proteins
What is the formula for Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration?
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → H2O + CO2
Photosynthesis: H2O + CO2 → C6H12O6 + O2
What are the different checkpoints for the cell cycle and what is examined?
G1 phase: Chromosomal Functionality
G2 phase: Proper Chromosome Duplication
G3: Attachment of each Kinetochore to a spindle fiber
What are the Non-Mendelian Traits?
Incomplete Dominance, Polygenic Traits, Epistasis, and Codominance.
What is the weakest bond?
Ionic Bond
What type of molecules can pass through a lipid bilayer?
small nonpolar molecules
How does an Enzyme Denature?
Increase the temperature.
What is the difference between Mitosis and Meoisis?
Meiosis is used for sexual reproduction, has 2 cell divisions, remaining daughter cells are haploid and different from each other, and also "crossing over" occurs.
Mitosis is used to regenerate cells, and the remaining daughter cells are identical to the parents and are diploid. There is also only I phase in Mitosis.
What are the results of Nondisjunction?
Aneuploidy, Diploidy, and Translocation
What is the difference between Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrlysis?
Dehydration Synthesis removes a water molecule and Hydrolysis adds a water molecule.
What does a Glycoprotein do?
Cell to Cell recognition
What are the different stages of Cellular Respiration?
Krebs Cycle, Pyruvate Acid, Glyclosis
Childbirth is an example of what type of Feedback Loop?
Positive Feedback Loop
Name all of Mendel's laws and what they state
1. Law of Segregation: Each individual gains an allele from each parent. Each parent is responsible to the trait passed off to their offspring.
2. Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted independently. The inheritance of one trait is NOT dependent on the other.
3. Law of Dominance: Organisms with multiple alleles will express the dominant trait.
What are the four most common elements in the human body (in any organism).
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What is Difference between facilitated diffusion and Active Transport?
Facilitated Diffusion: Is the movement of molecules down the concentration gradient using a protein.
Active Transport: The movement of molecules up the concentration gradient, requires energy.
How does an allosteric Inhibitor affect an enzyme?
An allosteric inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme and slows down reactions.
What is the process of Cellular Communication?
1.Reception
2.Transduction
3.Response
The farther genes are on a chromosome..
The less likely they are to recombine
Why is water important, describe the properties of water (there are 5 from class).
high heat capacity
high heat of vaporization
polar solvent
reactivity
cushioning
What are the different net movement frequencies of Osmosis
When there is an equal net movement of water a solution will be Isotonic
If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell
If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, and the solutes cannot cross the membrane, then that solution is hypotonic to the cell
1) absorption of light, (2) electron transport leading to the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH, (3) generation of ATP, and (4) conversion of CO2 into carbohydrates (carbon fixation).
What are the types of signaling?
Autocrine: A cell signals itself
Paracrine: A cell signals a nearby cell
Juxtacrine: A cell signals another cell it is directly touching
Endocrine: long-distance signaling
What is examined on Chromosomes?
By examining the number, shape, size, banding pattern, and centromere position, one can determine certain information about the individual that possesses these genes.