Decisions, Decisions
Two possible factors to consider when making decisions based on a client's errors
Chronological age, native language, results of OPE, results of stimulability testing
Difference between a delay and disorder?
Delay = child displays phonological processes typical of children chronologically younger
Disorder = child displays phonological processes atypical of any child, regardless of age
One good method to determine whether phonemic contrast exists is through the use of:
Minimal pairs
The difference between simultaneous and successive bilingualism?
Simultaneous = languages learned at the same time; successive = one after the other
A child says /d^p/ instead of "cup". What is the difference in place, manner and/or voicing of the first phoneme? What phonological process is the child displaying? (Bonus 100 points for an additional process!)
Place!
The child is displaying alveolar fronting...
AND prevocalic voicing!
Examples of lack of phonemic contrast would be:
Because phonemic contrast is a discrimination between sounds by the speaker, a lack of phonemic contrast could include fronting, backing, stopping or other substitutions in order to skew all or many sounds in the same direction
Methods to test phonological awareness could include (name/describe at least 2):
Rhyming/minimal pairs, segmenting words/clapping each syllable, phoneme blending/segmenting/deletion/substitution
T/F: Knowledge of performance is more crucial for children early on than knowledge of results.
True
The difference between positive and negative transfer?
Positive transfer = bilingual children demonstrate skills either more advanced or at the level of monolingual children;
Negative transfer = bilingual children demonstrate slower phonological development than monolingual speakers
T/F: Regressive assimilation happens when a consonant is influenced by a consonant coming before it.
False
Some characteristics of phonetic contrast are:
May be motor-based, i.e. a physical inability to produce the sound correctly (such as a lisp) although phonemic contrast is preserved
Identifying errors occurring only in connected speech and the potential for a larger speech sample size (as children may be more eager to talk about their interests) are two advantages of:
Informal testing
A cyclical approach to treatment in which the clinician moves through a series of words/sounds without concern as to how many the client is correctly pronouncing is called
Cycle approach
"A rule-governed, systematic variation of a language" is a
Dialect!
For the word "on", list the consonant position for /n/ using IPA (ex. final, SIWI, postvocalic)
SFWF, final, postvocalic
Name a pro and a con of using nonword stimuli:
Pro: Allows children to focus on the motoric element of production rather than a semantic context, which can be distracting
Con: Because nonword stimuli aren't used in everyday life, a child may not carry the potential motoric benefits of nonword stimuli into their everyday lives
Name at least four useful topics for an interview/sample questionnaire for an incoming (child) client:
Birth history, medical history (ear infections? surgeries?), languages spoken at home, development timeline of other motor skills (first sitting up? crawling/ walking? first words?), family history (speech/hearing/cognitive disorders, etc)
The technique involving taking a sound a child has already mastered and using it to shape the target sound is called:
Successive approximation
Name at least three factors to consider when assessing a bilingual child.
Primary language spoken at home, primary language spoken by parents (is it the same for both?), language(s) spoken by siblings if applicable, language spoken at school/therapy/other regular environments, first language acquired (unless simultaneous)
T/F: Reduplication is a substitution process.
False (it is a syllabic structure process)
Name two characteristics of phonologically disordered children
Restricted form of segments; restricted frequency of segments; syllable structure form is often CVCV; limited range of fricatives; use of glottal stop as a substitute form; limited use of consonant clusters
Name a pro and a con of formal speech testing.
Pros: Simple, predictable testing environment/experience, allows for more efficient testing of more clients
Cons: Limited context, often not appropriate for the clients' social and economic backgrounds (a very small sample of children have historically determined the test taken by many clients of many diverse backgrounds, allowing for many opportunities for misunderstanding and misinterpretation of data)
Name the three steps of the treatment continuum in order:
1. Establishment (elicit target behaviors and stabilize them)
2. Facilitating generalization (Encouraging carryover of what was taught in treatment to a different setting outside of treatment)
3. Maintenance (Ongoing stabilization and retention of skills that were taught)
Name two dialectical substitutions typical of an AAE dialect.
Interdental phonemes (/θri/ to /tri/), final consonant omission (/roʊd/ to /roʊ/), variations in consonant clusters (initial position - /ʃrɪmp/ to /srɪmp/, and final position - /æskd/ to /ækst/)
T/F: When a child does not delete other final consonants, vowelization is not considered final consonant deletion.
True