Causes of Urbanization
Between 1880 and 1900, the total U.S. track mileage for this mode of transportation more than doubled from 90,000 to nearly 200,000 miles, connecting farms to urban factories.
Following the end of Reconstruction, these laws and discriminatory practices served as a major "push" factor driving African Americans away from the rural South
Jim Crow laws
Rowland H. Macy and Marshall Field revolutionized urban retail by establishing these massive stores that offered a glamorous shopping environment.
department stores
In 1871, this disaster destroyed three and a half square miles of city land and left one-third of the population homeless.
Opening in New York Harbor in 1892, this location served as the primary federal immigration processing center on the East Coast.
Ellis Island
In 1890, the average annual wage for farm labor was $233, while workers in this growing urban industry earned an average of $439 per year.
Manufacturing
The primary "pull" factor attracting African American migrants to growing northern cities was the promise of social opportunities and jobs in these industrial facilities.
factories(factory jobs)
In a 1916 poem, Carl Sandburg famously described this rapidly expanding Midwestern city as the "Hog Butcher for the World" and the "City of the Big Shoulders".
To handle waste, Chicago constructed the first completely underground sewer system in 1855, sloped so gravity would pull sewage toward this body of water.
Chicago River
Passed in 1882, this legislation marked the first time in U.S. history that broad immigration restrictions were placed on a specific national group.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Invented in the 1840s, this agricultural machine simplified harvesting grain, reducing the manual labor required on farms and pushing displaced workers toward city factory jobs.
McCormick's Reaper (mechanical reaper)
In study of human movement, conditions like racial discrimination and lack of employment that force people to leave their homes are classified by this term.
push factor
As mass transit expanded outward, wealthy and middle-class residents moved to these planned residential communities to escape city noise and pollution.
suburbs
Although cities created police departments to deter criminals, urban crime continued to spread in the late 1800s because many local officers suffered from inefficiency and this major ethical problem.
corruption
The Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration by creating these.
quotas
During the 1870s and 1880s, rail companies agreed to standardize this measure—the distance between tracks—allowing cars from different companies to form a single nationwide network.
track gauge
Systemic discrimination in the post-Reconstruction South prevented African Americans from gaining economic independence by barring them from buying this primary form of property
land
Expanding city businesses created jobs beyond manual factory labor, giving rise to this growing social group made up of educated professionals like teachers, bank tellers, and office clerks.
Middle Class
In 1890, overcrowding in the Lower East Side immigrant neighborhood of New York City reached a density of over this many residents per acre.
700 people acre
Formed in 1849, this anti-immigrant political party emerged as a nativist reaction to the rising numbers of German and Irish Catholic immigrants.
Know-Nothing Party
In 1902, Hart and Parr developed an effective version of this farm machinery using a gasoline engine, further taking over hand labor and driving rural-to-urban movement
gas-powered tractor
Unable to afford the newly built streetcar suburbs, southern African American migrants arriving in northern industrial centers were usually forced to live near factory jobs in these dark, crowded apartment buildings.
tenements
Public transportation transformed urban life in the late 1800s, including this city installing the country's first electrified streetcar system in 1889.
Boston
In 1889, journalist Jacob Riis published this famous book documenting the dark, cramped, and unsanitary conditions inside urban tenements.
How the Other Half Lives
Under this 1907 informal arrangement, Japan agreed to restrict worker emigration in exchange for President Theodore Roosevelt stopping school segregation of Japanese students in San Francisco.
Gentlemen's Agreement