Anatomy
59. Where are all glomeruli located?
a. Medulla
b. Cortex
c. Renal pyramids
d. Minor calyces
b- Cortex
**BONUS**
31. Which of the following is the correct order of arteries that blood flows through after entering the kidney?
a. Segmental arteries, cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries
b. Cortical radiate arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobar arteries, segmental arteries
c. Segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries
d. Interlobar arteries, segmental arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries
37. Which of the following is not associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
a. Macula densa cells
b. Macrophages
c. Juxtaglomerular cells
d. Mesangial cells
b- Macrophages
48. Which of the following is not found in urine?
a. Potassium
b. Albumin
c. Creatinine
d. Pigments
b- Albumin
**BONUS**
38. Ammonia is synthesized via ________
a. Amino acid catabolism
b. Vitamin D metabolism
c. Nucleic acid metabolism
d. Creatine phosphate breakdown
53. What is a normal filtrate osmolarity in the DCT?
a. 300 mOsm
b. 1200 mOsm
c. 100 mOsm
d. 700 mOsm
c- 100 mOsm
45. How will stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect GFR?
a. Increase it
b. Decrease it
c. It will not have an effect
b- Decrease it
32. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
a. Renal pyramid
b. Renal cortex
c. Renal artery
d. Nephron
d- Nephron
34. Which of the following is not true about juxtamedullary nephrons?
a. They are the most abundant type of nephron in our bodies
b. They are involved in the concentration of urine
c. They contribute to the striped appearance of the renal pyramids
d. They have longer nephron loops than cortical nephrons
a- They are the most abundant type of nephron in our bodies
40. Which of the following is not typically found in filtrate?
a. Glucose
b. Sodium
c. Urea
d. Red blood cells
d- Red blood cells
44. Which of the following process is involved in renal autoregulation?
a. Reabsorption
b. Myogenic response
c. Sympathetic nervous control
d. Blood pressure regulation
b- Myogenic response
36. What system helps to establish the osmotic gradient by juxtamedullary nephrons?
a. Retrograde diffusion
b. Reverse osmosis
c. Juxtamedullary exchange
d. Countercurrent multiplier
d- Countercurrent multiplier
35. What makes up the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
a. Simple columnar epithelium
b. Simple squamous epithelium
c. Fenestrated capillaries
d. Type 1 cells
b- simple squamous epithelium
39. Where does filtration take place?
a. DCT
b. PCT
c. Glomerulus
d. Collecting duct
c- glomerulus
**BONUS**
41. Is blood pressure in the glomerulus higher or lower than other capillaries?
a. Higher
b. Lower
49. Secretion takes place mostly in the ________ and ________
a. PCT and collecting duct
b. DCT and PCT
c. PCT and nephron loop
d. The nephron loop only
b- DCT and PCT
51. As tubular fluid travels up the ascending limb it’s osmolarity ____________
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Stays the same
b- Decreases
**BONUS**
57. How many ureters does a human have?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 20
d. 5
58. What is the first point in which urine can no longer be modified?
a. Ureter
b. Nephron loop
c. Urinary bladder
d. Renal pelvis
d- Renal Pelvis
**BONUS**
60. Blood leaves the glomerular capsule via the _________ while filtrate leaves the glomerular capsule via the ___________.
a. They both leave via the proximal convoluted tubule
b. Fenestrated capillaries, nephron loop
c. Efferent arteriole, nephron loop
d. Efferent arteriole, proximal convoluted tubule
50. Which of the following contains large amounts of mitochondria?
a. PCT
b. DCT
c. Nephron loop
d. Renal artery
a- PCT
43. In a normal day the volume of glomerular filtrate is __________ the volume of urine excreted.
a. Greater than
b. Lower than
c. The same as
b- lower than
54. In order to excrete dilute urine how will the collecting duct alter its walls?
a. Increased aquaporins proteins
b. It will become permeable to water
c. It will make itself impermeable to Na+/other salts
d. It will stay exactly the same
d- it will stay exactly the same
55. Increased blood osmolarity will result in what?
a. Decrease in feelings of thirst
b. Hypoventilation
c. Decrease in ADH secretion
d. Excretion of concentrated urine
d- Excretion of concentrated urine
56. ADH is secreted via _________________ from the posterior pituitary
a. Active transport
b. Diffusion
c. Neurosecretion
d. Osmosis
c- Neurosecretion
33. Which of the following results from the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
a. Systemic blood pressure decreases
b. Increase in renal blood pressure
c. Decrease in the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary
d. Increase in the concentration of creatinine in urine
b- Increase in renal blood pressure
42. Is osmotic pressure in the afferent arteriole higher or lower than osmotic pressure in the efferent arteriole?
a. Higher
b. Lower
b- Lower
46. If a particular substance is excreted more quickly than another what can we conclude?
a. It does not have a transport maximum
b. It easily diffuses into the capillaries
c. It has a higher renal clearance
d. It has greater compliance
c- It has a higher renal clearance
52. About _________% of filtrate is reabsorbed by the PCT
a. 95%
b. 30%
c. 55%
d. 65%
d- 65%
47. Reabsorption of molecules from the tubule back into the blood requires what?
a. The simultaneous transport of Na+
b. Large amounts of cilia
c. Increased oxygen levels
d. High bicarbonate to buffer the blood
a- The simultaneous transport of Na+