Misc.
Name 2 kidney functions
Any two: fluid balance, regulate electrolytes and acid/base balance, removes waste, produces erythropoietin, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates BP
Glomerulonephritis is the ___ leading cause of ____ _____
3rd leading cause of renal failure
What does APSGN stand for?
acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Name 2 clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis
Lower urinary tract symptoms
Fever, chills, vomiting, malaise
Flank pain
Costovertebral angle pain
Elevated WBC
RBC, Wbc, casts, and bacteria can be present in the urine
what is a cause of urinary calculi?
hypercalcemia, UTI, uric acid, cystine
What is the autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membranes of the alveoli and glomeruli?
Goodpasture syndrome
True or false: Glomerulonephritis occurs only in the glomerulus.
False: it can occur in other areas within the kidneys
How long after the step infection to patients usually develop APSGN?
2-3 weeks
What is a life-threatening potential complication of pyelonephritis?
Urosepsis
Define nephrolithiasis vs urolithiasis
Nephro: formation of kidney stone
Uro: formation of stone in urinary tract
True or false: the kidney produces erythropoeitin
True
Name a risk factor for glomerulonephritis
Infection (strep), immune disease (SLE/Goodpasture), glomerular scarring (diabetic neuropathy, HTN)
Name 3 clinical manifestations of APSGN
Hematuria (cola-colored urine), anasarca, HTN, decreased GFR, sodium retention, proteinuria
What is something you must obtain if you suspect pyelonephritis?
Urine cultures
Blood cultures (if extremely ill)
A patient with a kidney stone and a calcium level of 11.1 states that he would like to have 3 glasses of milk per day, one with each meal. How would you educate this patient?
We want to remove the causative factor. Milk contains calcium, and your high calcium levels could be what caused your stone.
What is the term for generalized body edema?
Anasarca
Name a possible treatment option for rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
Correction of fluid overload
-managing blood pressure
-Corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, plasmapheresis
-Potential need for dialysis and/or transplant
Diet for APSGN management includes ____ protein, ____ sodium, and ____ restricted diet.
Low protein, low sodium, fluid restriction
Patients with pyelonephritis or suspected pyelonephritis can not have procedures with this nephrotoxic item
Contrast dye
Name 3 management/treatment options for urinary calculi
treat pain, monitor for complications, manage present complications, strain urine to identify causative factor, maintain hydration, avoid dietary intake of causative factor (ex, avoid or decrease milk if stone was caused by calcium), Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy, cystoscopy, ureteroscopy
Which drug can cause rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Penicillamine
Name 2 labs that will be increased and 2 labs that will be decreased in chronic glomerulonephritis
Increased: BUN, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus
Decreased: GFR, Albumin, calcium
Name 2 things to educate the patient with APSGN on discharge
symptoms, complications, fluid restrictions, diet modifications, when to contact HCP, signs of infection, follow up appts for labs and BP checks
Acute pyelonephritis usually occurs in combination with a predisposing factor. Name 2
untreated UTI, vesicoureteral reflex, BPH, stricture, stones, catheter
How long does the shock wave lithotripsy procedure typically last?
30min-2hr