Causal Conditions
Involuntary soiling due to mechanical or medical barriers to reaching the bathroom.
What is Functional incontinence?
Reduces the conversion of testosterone to the more potent dihydrotestosterone.
Bonus: What does this stop/slow?
What is 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors?
Prostate tissue proliferation.
Women are more susceptible to this condition due to their anatomy.
What is UTI due to much shorter urethra?
(4cm in females vs 20cm in males)
Non-cancerous glandular growth often leading to hesitancy, weak stream, dribbling, and retention.
What is BPH?
Under somatic innervation and created with striated muscle fibres.
What is the external urethral sphincter?
The most predominant category of incontinence with incidence rates highest in women older than 60.
What is Mixed Urinary Incontinence?
Used to block activation of the detrusor, increase bladder capacity and compliance.
What are Beta-3 agonists?
(mirabegron)
Characterized by vaginal pressure and heaviness. Can lead to complications have bowel movements and is common in post partum women.
What is pelvic organ prolapse?
An important part of a urological exam that patients often find quiet disconcerting. Should be explained clearly to outline what patient can expect.
What is a Prostate Exam or DRE?
The primary muscle responsible for contraction of the bladder.
BONUS: The receptors most associated with this muscle
What is the Detrusor Muscle.
What are M3 muscarinic receptors. Also accept Beta 3.
Characterized by suprapubic fullness, increased voiding urge, and continuous/near-continuous low volume leakage.
What is Overflow Incontinence?
Can make you:
Dry as a Bone : Blind as a Bat : Mad as a Hatter : Red as a Beet : Hot as a Hair
What are anticholinergics, used to Block M3 receptors on overactive detrusor muscles.
A condition caused by disruption in pelvic floor muscles/ligaments and/or the thinning of urethral tissues.
What is Stress Incontinence (or Urethral Sphincter Incompetence).
Can cause recurrent urethral obstruction, especially in the context of frequent urological interventions.
What are urethral strictures?
Responsible for bladder filling, urine storage, and voluntary complete urine expulsion. All at low pressure.
What is the Lower Urinary Tract (LUT)?
Composed of the bladder, urethra, and periurethral striated muscle
What is Interstial Cystitis?
Used for relaxation of smooth muscle in bladder neck, urethra and around prostate, this drug class has a adverse effect called Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome.
Alpha-1-adrenergic antagonists
Thinning of the vaginal and urethral mucosa leading to decreased sphincter closing pressure.
What is estrogen deficiency? (Also acceptable is menopause)
8% of men will develop this disease most commonly caused by E.coli
Prostatitis
Relaxed by norepinephrined during the voiding phase.
What is the internal urethral sphincter?
Puts patients at risk of developing overflow incontinence or urge incontinence. Can develop in patients post-trauma or in long term diabetics.
What is neurogenic bladder?
Effictive for treating MDD, GAD, and Fibromyalgia.
Bonus: Why is it in this Jeopardy?
SNRIs
What is the Q-tip test?
The early stage of prostatic bladder obstruction which results in hypertrophy of the detrusor muscle.
What is the Compensatory phase?
The organizational center of the micturition reflex.
The pontine-mesencephalic formation. (Found in the brain stem)