Urinary System Terms
What is polyuria?
Abnormally large amounts of urine
What are effects of aging on urinary system? (6)
- Kidneys atrophy
- kidney fuction decreases
- urine concentrated
- frequency, urgency and incontinence may occur
- Nighttime urination may occur
What are common causes of UTIs?
- Catheterizations
- Uriological exams
- Sexual intercourse
- Poor perineal hygiene
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- decreased fluid intake
What is Pyelonephritis?
Infection of the renal pelvis, tubules, and tissue around kidney. Usually starts in lower urinary tract and travels up urethra.
What is stess incontinence?
Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing or exercising
What are two types of renal failure?
Acute renal failure
Chronic Renal Failure
What is urinary retention?
Obstruction of urine flow in urinary tract. Interferes with flow of urine at any location in tract. Long term- renal tissue is destroyed
What is frequency?
Voiding at frequent intervals
What are risk factors for UTIs in older adults?
- Alzheimer's, Parkinsons and diabetes may lead to urinary retention
- Hx of UTIs
- Catheter use
- Bladder incontinence
- bowel incontinence
- Prolapsed bladder
What bacteria can cause UTI
E. Coli- can invade UTI tract
What are signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis?
- Frequency, painful urination
- Dysuria
- High fever/Chills
- Nausea/Vomitting
What is urge incontinence?
You have sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary loss of urine
What is acute renal failure?
ABRUPT stoppage of renal function, related to decreased blood flow to the kidney (Shock or hemorrhage can cause this)
What are causes of urinary retention?
Renal calculi
Tumor
Prostate enlargement in men
Prolapses in women
Trauma
What is urgency?
The need to void at once
Name ways to prevent UTIS (7)
- Void q3h
- Drink plenty of fluids
- Wipe perineum from to back
- Change incontinent system as required
- Avoid irritants
- Full course of antibiotics for UTIs
- Prevent constipation
Who is most at risk for UTI?
Women (d/t short urethra, close to urethra)
Men (Enlarged prostate)
What is a complication of pyelonephritis?
May cause scarring to kidneys and affect kidney function
What is overflow incontinence?
Frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesnt empty completely
What is Chronic Renal Failure?
- Gradual loss of kidney function. Progressive and irreversible. Nephrons replaced by scar tissue. Not detected until 80-90% of function lost
(Examples: diabetes, long term hypertension)
Cause of urinary retention
Blockages, Medications or Nerve Issues
What is anuria?
Absence of urine formation
What is the role of the RCW when a resident has a UTI?
- obtain a specimen
- Ensure resident has access to fluids
- Increase fluid intake (2L/day)
- Encourage rest
- Regular toileting
- Promote comfort
What are 3 types of urinary tract infections?
- Urethritis
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
What is treatment for pyelonephritis?
Antibiotics and if sevcere may need hospitalizations and IV meds
What is functional incontinence?
A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time. For example: severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton pants fast enough
What are signs and symptoms of renal failure?
- dry itchy or brittle skin
- Yellow skin
- Inflammation of mouth
- Bruises or bleeding
- Hypertension
- Burning sensation in legs and feet
- Edema in tissues
- Oliguria to Anuria
What are treatment for urinary retention?
Meds (if prostate enlarged)
Catheter (if nerve issues)
Surgery (prostate surgery)
What is dysuria
Painful urination
What are the 2 treatments for end stage renal failure?
- Dialysis
- Kidney Transplant
What is urethritis?
Inflammation of urethra
What is the role of the RCW when a resident has renal calculi?
- Push fluids
- Reports pain
- Comfort Measures
- Strain urine
What is reflex incontinence?
The inability to control release of urine. Occurs when persons bladder contracts without the person being able to stop it causing leakage of urine. The person does not feel an urge or sensation to urinate
What is hemodialysis?
- A procedure that uses machine to filter waste from body. Removes blood products out of body and through a filtering system and returns it cleaned to body. Takes 4 hours, usually 3 times a week. Completed by trained nurse (centers in souris, alberton, summerside and charlottetown)
A fistula is provided to provide access for needles
What are observations re: urinary system you should report to the nurse?
- c/o sharp sudden pain in abdomen, side or back
- blood in urine
- increase or decrease of urine voided in period of time
- changes in voiding habits
- pain or burning on urination
- urine that is cloudy and strong odour
What is hematuria?
Blood in urine
What is the main role of the kidneys?
To remove wastes and excess water from the body
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of bladder
What are kidney stones (renal calculi) made from?
Minerals and salts in urine creating stones, start off as tiny grains of sediment. More common in men 20-40
What are causes of incontinence? (12)
- aging
- pregnancies
- Obesity
- UTI
- Nervous system disorders
- surgery
- enlarged prostate
- bladder cancer
- diabetes
- meds
- immobility
- dementia
When caring for someone who has had hemodialysis, what do you observe for?
Dizziness, fainting, fluid restriction, monitor for intake and output, placed on a special diet
Frequent urination at night
- Dialysis acts as the kidneys
- Removes waste from blood, removes excess fluid
What is pyelonephritis?
inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney
What are risk factors for renal calculi?
Prolonged bed rest
immobility
decreased fluid intake
What is the role of the RCW with incontinence?
- monitor intake/output
- assist with obtaining urine samples
- follow care plan with food and fluid iintake
- monitor v/s
- b/p ( not on arm with fistula )
- provide frequent skin care
- positioning for immobility
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Blood cleaned inside body through peritoneum (a natural membrane that lines inside of abdomen). Fluid that absorbs waste products ae instilled into a persons abdominal cavity through a tube placed surgically. Fluid is left in the abdomen for a specific period of time. Waste products are absorbed into solution and then solution is drained into a collected bag and discarded.
What is oliguria?
Scant amount of urine
What are 2 types of dialysis?
Hemodialysis (more common, 80% of dialysis)
Peritoneal Dialysis (only 20% of dialysis)
Why do you keep a hat in toilet when someone has renal calculi?
What are treatments for incontinence
Kegals (prevention but not cure)
Surgery
Where can peritoneal dialysis be performed
home or a facility
What is renal Calculi?
Kidney Stones
What is the leading cause of renal failure?
Diabetes
Signs and symptoms or urethritis?
- Frequence/Urgency
- Dysuria
- Burning with urination
- Discharge
Signs and symptoms of renal calculi?
- severe pain
- nausea and vomitting
- fever and chills
- urinary frequency/urgency
- dysuria
- oliguria
- hematuria
- foul smelling urine
What are interventions for caring for those with urinary disorders
- assist with toilet regularly
- answer call bells promptly
- maintain positive attitude when changing soiled garments
- ensure resident is dry
- give special attention to those who are confused.
- maintain fluid intake
- promote voiding habits (q4h schedule for example)
How often is peritoneal dialysis done?
3-4 times/day or scheduled 3 times/week
What is information you should report about urine?
- pink or reddish
- resident c/o burning on urination
- difficult urination
- feeling of pressure
- frequency
- strong odour
What is a urostomy/Ureterostomy?
The urine bypasses the bladder and exits body through a stoma (surgically created opening and collects into a pouch worn outside of body). Reason: bladder surgically removed.
What is the treatment for urethritis?
- Remove irritant if possible
- Antibiotics if bacteria
What is the treatment for renal calculi?
- pain relief
- fluids
- surgery
- ultrasonic (high frequency shock waves to break stones into smaller pieces)
Where else should you look after doing this game?
your notes!!