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100
The countercurrent multiplier system, what is required.
Water leaving loop must be removed from medulla: if water leaving the descending limb stayed in medulla then the "salty" environment would be diluted out. NaCl transported out of loop must remain in the medulla: the Na & Cl ions transported out the ascending limb must stay in the medulla making the medulla salty.
100
Aquaporin Distribution by the Nephron
LOOK AT POWERPOINT FOR RIGHT DIAGRAM
100
Na+ Regulation: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldersterone System P2
angiotensin I is conv. to agniotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) at lungs. angioptensin II stimulates adrenal cortex, which releases aldosterone. Aldosterone upregulates Na+/K+ pumps in DCT,CD
200
Vasa Recta: Peritubular capillaries around the loop of Henle. STUDY THE VASA RECTA IN THE DIAGRAM
200
The role of Urea in Urine Concentration
Urea diffusing out the Collecting Duct and into medulla functions as a solute, helping maintain the salty environment. Urea Transports are expressed along the CD. Expression is regulated by Vasopressin (ADH)
200
What is gout?
Gout is a disorder due over production of Uric Acid, a diff. nitro. waste prod.Uric acid is not water soluble. this acid can appear in various joints but usually the big toe, and can cause inflammation and extreme pain.
300
concurrent exchange in vasa recta
Descending: permeable to NaCl/urea. Limited permeability to H2O. Ascending: permeable to NaCl. Permeable to H2O
300
Water Vol. Regulation: effects of ADH on Aquaporins
ADH: Anti-diuretic Hormone
ADH is secreted bny posterior pituitary in response to dehydration.It also stimulates expression of AQP2,3,4 at Collect Duct.
300
Kidney stones
commonly calcium oxalate can be calcium phosphate or even uric acid.
400
Concurrent Exchange
Descending blood flowing down the segment become saltier. Osmolality increases due to NaCl/urea uptake.Loss of H2O from blood by osmosis. In the ascending segment: H2O diffuses into vasa recta, which removes water from medulla. NaCl/Urea diffuses out to keep medulla salty.
400
Na+ Regulation by Kidneys: Ivolves the Juxtaglomerular Aparatus
Consist of macula densa & glanular cells. Region where afferent arteriole comes in contact w/ thich ascending limbs/DCT
500
water enters the ascending segment of the vasa recta by osmosis. what is the source of the water?
500
Na+ Regulation: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldersterone System P1
Low Na+ causes blood vol. decrease, which stimulate macula densa cells to release prostaglandis. this stimulates Granular cells to release renin into blood. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I