Urinary
cortex
Decline of filtration is called
renal failure
Which of the following substances is normally found in urine as a metabolic waste product?
Urea
What is the primary effect of aldosterone on the kidneys.
Increases sodium reabsorption and water retention
Loop Diuretics
Target: Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Action: Inhibit the Na/K/2Cl transporter
Effect: Decreased reabsorption of Na,Cl, and K, large increase in urine output, reduces medullary concentration gradient
the urinary valve under voluntary control is the
external urethral sphincter
polyuria
Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water but actively transports ions, contributing to the concentration gradient?
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Target: Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Action: Inhibit carbonic anhydrase enzyme
Effect: Decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate, increased excretion of Na and water, can lead to metabolic acidosis
What is the correct order of structure as fluid moves through the nephron
Glomerular Capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
proximal convoluted tubule
what is the primary driving force for glomerular filtration in the kidneys?
hydrostatic blood pressure in the glomerulus
Which structure is responsible for filtration but not reabsorption in the nephron?
Renal Corpuscle
What triggers the release of ADH?
High osmotic concentration and low blood volume.
K+ Sparing Diuretics
Target: Distal Convoluted Tubule and collecting duct
Action: block sodium reabsorption
effect: Increased N and water excretion, potassium is retained
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtering blood to form the initial filtrate
renal corpuscle
What does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?
The rate at which primary urine is formed in the kidneys.
Which hormone directly increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
ADH
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), what is the role of angiotensin II?
Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Target: Proximal Convoluted tubule
Action: inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2
Effect: Decreased glucose reabsorption, helps lower blood glucose levels, water follows glucose; mild diuretic effect
Establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
Creatinine clearance
In the absence of ADH. an individual will produce
Which hormone promotes diuresis by increasing sodium and water excretion?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Thiazide Diuretics
Target: Distal Convoluted Tubule
Action: Inhibit Na/CL transporter
Effect: Increased Na/water excretion, moderate diuretic effect, can cause potassium loss