Incompetent vesico-ureteric valve leads to a dilated ureter, cortical scars, clubbed calyces and an irregular renal outline.
100
Where would a patient with ureteric colic from a kidney stone complain of pain?
"In my side".
Classic renal calculi pain starts in the loin and moves to the groin. It is a severe shifting pain. Referred back w/ viceral afferents through sympathetics. T12->L1/2
100
Where does the blood supply to the Kidney come from?
Artery and Vertebral level please
What is the Renal Artery (L1/L2).
[Arteries run posterior to the veins]
100
Position of the Kidneys and more specifically their hila?
&
What is the renal angle?
The Kidneys sit between T11-L3 and their hila are at L1.
The renal angle is between the 12th rib and lateral border of vertebral column extensor muscles
200
What is the Trigone?
This is the internal surface of the base of the bladder. Like the rest of the bladder it is lined by transitional cell epithelium. Unlike the rest of the bladder the mucosa here is firmly adherent to the underlying muscle and therefore does not form folds.
the ureters enter the trigone at its superior angles. they enter the bladder obliquely with an intramural part that is important in preventing vesico-ureteric reflux
200
What is the valsava manoeuvre?
Forced expiration against a closed glottis.
Micturition is reinforced by abdominal wall muscles and the valsalva monaoeuvre
200
Why might childbirth cause urinary incontinence?
The Sphincter Urethrovaginalis can get stretched.
Pelvis floor damage.
Pudendal nerve damage.
200
Blood supply to the Bladder please?
[Internal Iliac].
Superior Vesical.
Inferior vesical/ vaginal.
200
What are the Anterior relations of the Kidneys?
Right: Suprarenal, Liver, Transverse mesocolon, R. Colic Flex, Jejunum, 2nd part of Duodenum.
Left: Suprarenal, Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas (Body), L. colic Flex, Jejunum
300
Component of bladder wall that allows distension.
Also the site of ~90% of cancers in the bladder
What is the transitional epithelium lining (Urothelium)
300
Name three mechanisms that Men folk have to stave off wet undies?
Where could a kidney stone get stuck in the ureter (explain)?
Pelvic Ureter junction.
As the ureter crosses over the Iliac crests.
As it enters the bladder.
300
Outline the Venous drainage from the Kideny..
Both Sides
The Right Veins join the IVC.
Left Veins: L.A.G.E.R.
(Left Veins run under the SMA which can sometimes supress venous drainage.. leading to an increase in pressure on the LHS)
300
What are the posterior relations of the Kidney?
Diaphragm and Parietal Pleura,
Costodiaphragmatic recess,
Quadratus Lumborum,
Psoas major (*Connects hip movement to Kidney pain)
400
The Valve that prevents reflux up the Ureter during Micturition.
What is the Vesico-Ureteric valve.
This is a thickening of the Detrusor muscle
400
What three mechanisms do lady folk have to stave off wet undies?
External Urethral sphincter,
Compressor urethrae,
Sphincter Urethrovaginalis (When can this be damaged?).
400
A newborn presents with a clear fluid leaking from the umbilicus. Tests show the fluid is urine. Explain this case.
Due to a remnant from the allaintois remaining open and creating a Urachal fistula from the Umbilicus to the Bladder
400
Where does the Venous drainage from the Bladder go?
Corresponding veins to internal Iliac.
and
Vesical and Prostatic Plexus (* Infection can spread therefore to _____?)
400
Name the layers surrounding the Kidney and identify which one of them communicates across the mid-line, thereby serving as a route for infection spread.