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Renal Anatomy
Urine Formation I
Urine Formation II
Urine Formation III
Water/Electrolyte/Acid-Base
100
The six organs of the urinary system
What is 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
100
3 barriers that make up the filtration membrane
What is fenestrated endothelium of the blood capillary, basement membrane, and the filtration slits
100
Removal of useful solutes from urine filtrate
What is reabsorption
100
Hormone that causes the transfer of aquaporins to the surface of the collecting duct
What is ADH
100
Fluid compartment containing the majority of the body's water
What is ICF
200
The larger of the two arterioles associated with the renal corpuscle
What is the afferent arteriole
200
3 forces that result in the net filtration pressure of the glomerulus
What is high blood hydrostatic pressure, low capsular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure
200
Drives the majority of the osmotic and electrical gradients of the renal tubule
What is sodium
200
2 factors enabling the collecting duct to concentrate the urine
What is osmolarity of extracellular fluid is much higher in lower renal medulla than cortex, collecting duct is more permeable to water than to salt
200
Volume depletion
What is hypovolemia
300
Elaborate cells wrapped around the glomerular capillaries
What is podocytes
300
Nitrogenous wastes filtered by the glomerulus
What is urea, uric acid, creatinine
300
Causes reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+, acts on the thick segments of the nephron loop
What is aldosterone
300
Solute that continually cycles from the collecting duct to the nephron loop and back to the collecting duct
What is urea
300
Negative effects of hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)
What is causes a hypotonic ECF that leads to cellular swelling and pulmonary and cerebral edema
400
Nephron responsible for maintaining the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
What is juxtamedullary nephron
400
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: 800 POINTS 3 types of cells that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus and their functions
What is 1) macula densa cells: absorb Na+, K+, Cl-, secrete ATP; 2) mesangial cells: metabolize ATP adenosine; 3) granular cells: constrict the afferent arteriole, secrete renin
400
Mechanism of the relationship between glycosuria and polyuria, and the disease associated with them
What is the extra glucose in the urine causes an osmotic pull of water, diabetes mellitus
400
Relationship between the vasa recta and the counter-current multiplier
What is the counter-current multiplier creates a high osmolarity and the vasa recta help to maintain that high osmolarity
400
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: 800 POINTS The mechanism of the limiting pH
What is the limiting pH is 4.5. This allows a concentration gradient for H+ ions so that they can be excreted in the urine. If the pH gets too low there is no more concentration gradient and H+ ions cannot be excreted causing increased acidosis
500
7 roles the kidney plays in the body
What is filter blood plasma and excrete toxic wastes; regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output; regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance; EPO; calcium homeostasis; clear hormones and drugs; detoxify free radicals; synthesize glucose from amino acids during starvation
500
Collective functions of angiotensin II
What is raise blood pressure by reducing water loss, increase intake of water, constrict blood vessels
500
3 factors promoting osmosis into the peritubular capillaries
What is high interstitial hydrostatic pressure, low blood hydrostatic pressure, high blood colloid osmotic pressure
500
DOUBLE JEOPARDY: 1000 POINTS The positive feedback loop of the counter-current multiplier
What is salt is added by PCT; the higher the osmolarity of ECF the more water that leaves descending limb; the more water that leaves the saltier the tubular fluid is; the saltier the fluid is the more the salt the ascending limb pumps out; the more salt that is pumped out the higher the osmolarity of the ECF is in the medulla
500
Mechanism of H+ ion excretion
What is bicarbonate is converted to CO2 and H2O by CAH in the brush border of the renal tubules, the H2O is then excreted in the urine