PROTESTANTISM
This sixteenth-century movement challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the creation of Protestant churches.
What is the Protestant Reformation?
This English philosopher argued that people possess natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, and that government exists through the consent of the governed.
Who is John Locke?
Colonists used this slogan to express their objection to Parliament taxing them without elected colonial representatives in Parliament.
What is "No taxation without representation"?
This Iberian kingdom became an early leader in Atlantic exploration by seeking new maritime routes to Africa and Asia.
What is Portugal?
This development allowed many Indigenous societies to produce food surpluses, supporting larger populations and more complex societies.
What is agriculture?
This German religious reformer challenged Catholic practices in the sixteenth century and became a major figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Who is Martin Luther?
This Enlightenment philosophy held that human beings could use logical thought and reason to understand the world.
What is Rationalism?
This 1773 protest involved colonists dumping British tea into Boston Harbor in opposition to British taxation and imperial policy.
What is the Boston Tea Party?
This European nation conquered the Aztec and Inca Empires and built a large American empire based on settlement, resource extraction, and Catholic conversion.
What is Spain?
This economic system brought crops and animals such as potatoes and horses across the Atlantic, but also brought devastating diseases to Indigenous peoples.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This Protestant group established Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s and hoped to create a religious community based on their beliefs.
Who are the Puritans?
This French Enlightenment thinker argued for the separation of governmental powers into branches that could check one another.
Who is Montesquieu?
Parliament passed these laws in 1774 to punish Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party, but the measures instead encouraged greater cooperation among the colonies.
What are the Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts?
Unlike the Spanish, this European power relied more heavily on trade and alliances with Indigenous peoples in North America, especially the fur trade.
What is France?
This 1676 Virginia uprising exposed tensions between wealthy colonial leaders and poorer settlers and contributed to the colony's increasing reliance on racial slavery.
What is Bacon's Rebellion?
This eighteenth-century religious revival challenged established religious authority by emphasizing personal conversion and emotional religious experience, with preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.
What is the Great Awakening?
This idea held that government is created through an agreement between the people and their rulers, with political authority ultimately based on the people.
From 1763 to 1774, Britain attempted to raise revenue and strengthen imperial control while many colonists increasingly argued that these policies violated their traditional rights as Englishmen. This larger conflict culminated in this 1774 gathering.
What is the First Continental Congress?
This war between Britain and France in North America ended with Britain gaining enormous new territory but also accumulating substantial debt.
What is the French and Indian War?
This cash crop became the foundation of the Chesapeake colonies' economy, especially in Virginia and Maryland.
What is tobacco?
These two Latin phrases represent the two central beliefs of the Protestant faith.
This approach to knowledge emphasized observation, experimentation, and evidence gained through the senses.
What is empiricism?
This 1765 law placed a tax on printed materials in the American colonies and provoked widespread colonial protest.
What is the Stamp Act?
European powers competed for control of North American territory because colonies could provide valuable resources, trading opportunities, strategic advantages, and markets while strengthening the power of the European state. This broader system of economic competition was known as this.
What is mercantilism?
This Spanish colonial system granted colonists the right to demand labor and tribute from Indigenous people.
What is the encomienda system?