Section 1
The region that includes the southern part of Mexico and the northern part of Central America
Mesoamerica
This was the capital city of the Aztecs that was an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. It became the greatest city in the Americas.
Tenochtitlán
These were cone-shaped shelters used by the Plains Indians.
Teepees
The Hopewell culture who lived along the Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri River Valleys declined by this time.
By AD 700
These provided a strong defense against enemies. The Anasazi often built these in canyon walls and had to use ladders to enter them.
Cliff Dwellings
People who hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food. The Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers.
Hunter-Gatherers
Northeastern Asia and present-day Alaska
They were known for building and arts. They built massive buildings and forts and had an advanced system of highways that allowed them to have good communication.
The Inca
They lived in present northern Alaska and Canada in igloos, hide tents, and huts.
The Inuit
The Mississippian
Where the Inca began as a small tribe. Their capital was Cuzco.
Andes Mountains of South America
This was a strip of land that became exposed during the last Ice Age connecting Northeastern Asia and present day Alaska. The Paleo-Indians crossed over it from 38,000 BC to 10,000 B.C.
Bering Land Bridge
There were ancestors or animal spirits whose images were carved on wooden poles by the Pacific Northwest Native Americans.
Totems
Native American groups like the Pawnee were this, meaning that people traced their ancestry through their mothers, not their fathers.
Matrilineal
They lived in western and southern Alaska in multifamily houses partially underground. They fished and hunted large mammals and depended on dogs for many tasks like pulling sleds.
The Aleut
A group's set of common values and traditions including language, government and family relationships.
Culture
This was a crop the Olmec and Mayans grew.
Maize, or corn
The Mayans were building large cities by this time.
About AD 200
This region included the present day states of AZ, NM, and parts of CO, TX where the Hopi and Zuni lived.
The Southwest culture region
This confederation or alliance was for Iroquois tribes like the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca. It was established to strengthen the alliance against invasion of non-Iroquois people. It helped the Iroquois become one of the most powerful Native American peoples in North America.
Iroquois League
The Incan empire expanded to this size
12 million people
These people were fierce warriors and had superior military ability. They migrated to Central Mexico in the 1100s and by the 1500s they ruled the most powerful state in Mesoamerica.
The Aztec
This is when hunter-gatherers in North America learned to farm and were then able to settle into villages.
After 5000 BC
The Anasazi built these underground ceremonial chambers at the center of each community that were sacred areas used for religious ceremonies.
Kivas
This was the area between Canada and Texas, the Mississippi River valley, and the Rocky Mountains. It was mostly grassland home to buffalo. The Indians who lived here were nomadic and used bows and spears to hunt.
The huge Great Plains
The movement of people or animals from one region to another. The Paleo-Indians migrated as they followed animal herds south.
Migration
These are the climates and landscapes that surround living things.
Environments
This allowed people to stop moving around and looking for food so they could settle into one place.
Farming
In the Southwest, the Anasazi adapted to the shortage of this by growing this crop.
Rain and Maize
This is when the Anasazi began to abandon their villages because of disease, drought and raids by nomadic tribes.
After AD 1300
Paleo-Indians
During this time the Earth's climate became intensely cold, water froze into glaciers, and ocean levels dropped 300 ft.
The Ice Age
This was heavy clay that the Anasazi built their pueblos out of.
Adobe
After 750 AD the Anasazi built these above ground houses made of adobe.
Pueblos
This means to move from place to place hunting small animals and foraging for food.
Nomadic
When the earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica was developed by the Olmecs
Around 1200 BC
This is when the Mayan civilization began to collapse.
In the 900s
This is when the Earth's climate grew warmer, the glaciers melted, water levels rose, and the Bering Land Bridge was covered with water
About 8000 BC
Native Americans believed that individual ownership of this ONLY applied to the crops one grew. Every one had the right to use this on a temporary basis.
Property
Religions of most Native Americans was linked to this.
Nature
They initially lived in small villages but by 200 A.D. they were building cities with pyramids, stone temples, palaces, bridges, plazas, and canals.
The Maya
They were known for stone use in architecture and sculpture. They built the FIRST pyramids and also sculptures with huge heads.
The Olmec
They were an early farming culture who lived in the Four Corners region (North American SOUTHWEST). They adapted to their environment and grew maize, beans and squash. They irrigated and were basket-weavers.
Anasazi
This farming society developed after 1000 BC along the Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri River valleys and built large burial mounds to bury the dead.
The Hopewell
They lived farther south in the Subarctic region. They thrived on the rich supply of game animals, fish and wild plants and did not need to farm.
The Kwakiutl and the Chinook
This is when the Olmec civilization ended, although their culture had already spread throughout the region.
Around 400 BC
This was the official language of the Incan empire. It was not a written language but rather a system of knotted strings called quipi.
Quechua
This is when the Aztecs founded the Tenochtitlan capital on Lake Texcoco.
In AD 1325
Most Native Americans in the California region, including the Hupa, Miwok, and Yokuts spoke this many languages.
100 languages were spoken
There were the Hopewell and Mississippi cultures. The mounds were for religious ceremonies with flat tops with temples built on top. These cultures declined by the time European explorers reached them and no longer existed by the early 1700s.
The moundbuilding cultures