Section 3
People who were captured by warring groups during battle could be sold into what?
Slavery
In the 1060s, a Muslim group called the __________ attacked Ghana in an effort to force its leaders to convert to Islam. They weakened Ghana’s empire and cut off many trade routes.
Almoravids
Mansa Musa ruled Mali for about 25 years, from 1312 to 1337. During that time, Mali added many important trade cities, including ________, ______, and ___ to its empire
Timbuktu, Djenné, and Gao
The development of the _______ _____ was a giant step forward in spreading new ideas.
Printing Press
businesses in which a group of people invest together.
joint-stock companies
One of Songhai’s greatest rulers was __________ ____, who chose the title askia, a title of military rank. He became known as Askia the Great.
Muhammad Ture
Over time, the slave trade became even more important to the West African economy. Kings traded slaves for valuable goods, such as horses from the Middle East and textiles and weapons from Europe. ___ _____ _______ _____ _____ contributed to the power of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.
The trans Saharan slave trade
Mali’s most famous ruler was a Muslim king named _____ ____. Under his leadership, Mali reached the height of its wealth, power, and fame.
Mansa Musa
The political ideas of Greece and Rome survived to influence governments around the world, including that of the United States. In the U.S. political system, citizens vote for representatives, making the nation a __________ ________.
Democratic Republic
During the __________, European thinkers and artists rediscovered the traditions of Greece and Rome.
Renaissance
Sometime after what date did these farmers, the Soninke, were threatened by nomadic herders. The herders wanted to take the farmers’ water and pastures.
AD 300
In the ____'s (year), a Muslim group called the Almoravids attacked Ghana in an effort to force its leaders to convert to Islam. The Almoravids weakened Ghana’s empire and cut off many trade routes.
1060s
Historians think the first people in Ghana were farmers along the Niger River. Sometime after AD 300 these farmers, the _______, were threatened by nomadic herders.
Soninke
The search for knowledge and learning spread to all fields, including art, literature, ________, and political thought. The Renaissance emphasized the importance of people rather than focusing on religion.
Science
The region we now call France
Gaul
pilgrimage to Mecca
Hajj
Traditionally, slavery in West Africa mostly involved only black Africans, who were both slaveholders and slaves. This changed in the ____ when Arab Muslims, and later Europeans, became slave traders.
600s
In the 1300s Mansa Musa had conquered a rival kingdom of people called the Songhai, who also lived along what?
Niger River
Warriors that fought on horseback
Knights
An economic system that unifies and increases the power and wealth of a nation.
Mercantilism
As the Mali Empire weakened in the ____'s (date) , the Songhai grew in strength. They took advantage of Mali’s decline, regained their independence, and eventually conquered most of Mali.
1400s
One of Songhai’s greatest rulers was Muhammad Ture, who chose a title, He became known as _____ ___ _____.
Askia the Great
After Muhammad’s death, his followers wrote down his teachings to form the book known as the what?
Qur’an
A philosopher and teacher, who wrote a work called The Republic.
Plato
Ancient Greeks valued human ______ and believed in the power of the human mind to think, explain, and understand life.
Reason
The practice of slavery had existed in Africa and in many parts of the world for centuries. Traditionally, slavery in West Africa mostly involved only _____ _______, who were both slaveholders and slaves.
Black Africans
One of Songhai’s greatest rulers was Muhammad Ture, who chose the title _____, a title of military rank.
Askia
This system of promises between lords and vassals is known as what?
Feudalism
In the late 1000s, a long series of wars called the ___________ began between the European Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia.
Crusades
By the early 500s Europe was divided into many small kingdoms. This marked the beginning of the ______ ____, a period that lasted about a thousand years.
Middle Ages
Mansa Musa ruled Mali for about __ (years). During that time, Mali added many important trade cities, including Timbuktu, Djenné, and Gao, to its empire.
25 years
By the ____ Ghana was firmly in control of West Africa’s trade routes. Nearly all trade between northern and southern Africa passed through Ghana.
800s
________ __________ was a politician and poet. Before him, most authors wrote in Latin, the language of the church. But he chose to write in Italian, the common language of the people. This gave ordinary people the opportunity to read his work.
Dante Alighieri
________ was the first Greek city-state to establish democracy—a form of government in which people rule themselves.
Athens
Michelangelo and ________ __ _____ are two of the greatest Renaissance artists. They are known for their work in painting, sculpture, and architecture. Da Vinci was also an inventor, engineer, and mapmaker.
Leonardo da Vinci
To encourage the spread of Islam in West Africa, Mansa Musa brought back artists and architects from other Muslim countries to build _______, or buildings for Muslim prayer, throughout his lands.
Mosques
According to legend, Mali’s rise to power began under a ruler named _______. They won back his country’s independence and conquered nearby kingdoms, including Ghana.
Sundiata
Three of the greatest Greek thinkers, or philosophers, were ________, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates, a great teacher, wanted to make people think and question their own beliefs.
Socrates
A form of government in which people rule themselves.
Democracy
_________ taught that people should live lives based on reason, or clear and ordered thinking.
Aristotle
In what year did Mansa Musa conquer a rival kingdom of people called the Songhai, who also lived along the Niger River.
1300s
Islam was founded in the 600s by an Arab named ___________. Muslims, followers of Islam, believe that God had spoken to him through an angel and had made him a prophet, someone who tells of God’s messages.
Muhammad
The development of the printing press was a giant step forward in spreading new ideas. In the mid-1400s, a German man named ________ ____________, developed a printing press that used movable type.
Johannes Gutenberg
Organized political units with central governments.
Nation States
Among these traders was _______ _____. In 1271 he journeyed from Europe to China along part of the old Silk Road. He spent 20 years living and traveling in Asia. When he returned to Europe, he brought back stories of spices, coal, and paper money.
Marco Polo
In the 1300s Mansa Musa had conquered a rival kingdom of people called the ________, who also lived along the Niger River. As the Mali Empire weakened in the 1400s, they grew in strength. They took advantage of Mali’s decline, regained their independence, and eventually conquered most of Mali.
Songhai
For hundreds of years, trade routes crisscrossed West Africa. For most of that time, West Africans did not profit much from the Saharan trade because the routes were run by ________, a group of people from northern Africa.
Berbers
Later, Rome followed Greece’s example by establishing a form of democratic government. The Roman Republic was created in what year?
509 BC
Trade associations called ______ became an influential part of European life.
Guilds
The disease, known as the _____ _____, spread across Europe, killing an estimated 25 million people.
Black Death