Section 3
Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas.
Conquistadors
Francisco Pizarro
He got permission to explore the Gulf of Mexico. He landed in Tampa Bay then traveled to Georgia, the Carolina, crossed the Appalachian Mountains, discovered the Mississippi River, and then went to Oklahoma.
Hernando de Soto
Settlers in New Spain who came from Spain and usually held the highest government positions.
Peninsulares
A German priest who publicly criticized the Catholic church by saying it was too wealthy and abused its power. This lead to the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
He founded the Church of England (aka the Anglican Church) and made himself the head, challenging the pope.
King Henry VIII
When France sent him to find the Northwest Passage he sailed along the east coast from North Carolina to Maine.
Giovanni da Verrazano
After he and 150 colonists resettled Roanoke, he left for England to get more supplies. When he returned the colony had disappeared.
John White
A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire even though he was outnumbered. He destroyed Tenochtitlan.
Hernán Cortés
Spain's empire in the Americas that included the former Aztec and Incan empires.
New Spain
After exploring North America, he wrote the first European book exclusively devoted to North America, increasing Spanish interest in the New World.
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
A reward system that gave settlers the right to tax Native Americans or make them work in exchange for protecting them and converting them to Christianity. (Resulted in slavery.)
Encomienda System
A religious movement started by Martin Luther which began in Germany, spread throughout Europe and protested the Catholic Church's practices.
Protestant Reformation
He used Spain's wealth to lead a Catholic Reformation against the Protestant Reformation.
King Philip II
When France sent him to find the Northwest Passage he sailed into Canada from the St. Lawrence River to Montreal.
Jacques Cartier
These were French missionaries who set out to find the Mississippi River and traveled down it as far as Arkansas.
Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette
He ruled the Aztec empire in the early 1500s. He was killed by Cortes and his conquistadors.
Moctezuma II
Spain's system of royal officials formed to govern the Americas.
Council of the Indies
He joined Cabeza de Vaca on an expedition to North America and landed on the Florida coast.
Pánfilo de Narváez
Large farms that grow just one crop.
Plantations
Reformers who protested the Catholic Church's practices by saying that God meant for religion to be simple.
Protestants
A huge fleet of warships.
Spanish Armada
When the Dutch hired him to search for the Northwest Passage he sailed to New York.
Henry Hudson
He was a French explorer who followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claimed the Mississippi Valley for King Louis XIV of France and called it "Louisiana".
René-Robert de La Salle
This was the Moctezuma's (Aztecs') capital that was built in the middle of Lake Texococo.
Tenochtitlán
This "Royal Road" was a network of roads in New Spain that ran for hundreds of miles from Mexico City to Sante Fe to California.
El Camino Real
He was a Morrocan-born slave who traveled with Cabeza de Vaca throughout the Southwest, was captured by Native Americans, escaped, sold to a viceroy, assigned to act as a guide throughout the Southwest, and was killed by Native Americans.
Estevanico
Played a major role in the interactions of the Spanish with Native Americans. (Colonists forced Christianity on the Native Americans.)
The Catholic Church
A machine that produced printed copies using movable type and helped spread the ideas of the Reformation.
The Printing Press
A water route through North America that would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Northwest Passage
When he received a charter to colonize for the English he landed in VA and NC and named it all North Carolina. Later he sent another group to colonize Roanoake Island off the NC coast.
Walter Raleigh
He bought Manhattan Island from Native Americans for $24 and founded New Amsterdam (New York).
Peter Minuit
She was an Indian woman who helped Cortes win allies and conquer the Aztec empire.
Malintzin
A conquistador who landed in Puerto Rico and conquered it for Spain, found gold there and was made governor. He later discovered the Florida coast, looked for the Fountain of Youth, and got permission to colonize Florida.
Juan Ponce de León
He set out to explore the North American Southwest to find the Seven Cities of Gold, went through NM, AZ, discovered the Grand Canyon, and went through TX, OK, KS.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
A priest who said Spain should show Native Americans love, gentleness, and kindness. Monarchs agreed but the colonists did not always obey.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
French Protestants who emigrated to the Americas for religious freedom.
Huguenots
An Italian sailor who sailed along Newfoundland, Canada looking for the Northwest Passage for England. In exchange he got a royal charter for any lands he found.
John Cabot
This is a document giving someone permission to start a colony.
Charter
He was the governor of New Netherland who conquered New Sweden in 1655. He allowed them to keep their colony but made them call it "Swedish Nation" instead.
Peter Stuyvesant