Show:
America Before Columbus & After Columbus
The Arrival of the English to America
The 13 Colonies
Rebellions, Wars, and Revolutions
Borderlands & Slavery
100
How did people first migrate into the Americas? (Hint: there are 2 answers)
1) An ancient land bridge called the Bering Strait that linked Siberia to Alaska 2) Using boats to cross from Asia to South America
100
Who is Pocahontas?
Pocahontas was the daughter of the chief of the Powhatan tribe. She was kidnapped and played a role in mediating conflicts between the English at Jamestown and the Powhatans. She assimilated to English culture and married John Rolfe. Interest in "civilizing" the natives began.
100
Who is General James Oglethorpe?
A British general sent by King Charles II to colonize the land between the Savannah and Altmaha Rivers, which became the colony of Georgia.
100
What is King Philip's War?
A conflict between white settlers in New England and the Wampanoag tribe. King Philip (aka Metacomet) was the chief of the Wampanoag tribe. The natives rose up to resist white settlement, inflicting terror on several Massachusetts towns. The white settlers allied with the Mohawk tribe, who killed Metacomet. Without Metacomet's leadership, the white settlers won. The exchange of technology (i.e. the flintlock rifle) contributed to the massive casualties on both sides of this war.
100
Describe the triangular trade.
This involved the trade of goods and people across three regions: Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europe traded goods (weapons, jewelry, textiles, salt, etc.) with Africans in exchange for slaves. The Africans captured the slaves and brought them to European forts in Africa, where they received these European goods in exchange for the captured slaves. The slaves then traveled on slave ships to the Americas (known as the Middle Passage), where they worked on plantations. The products the slaves produced in the Americas (sugar, rum, tobacco, cotton, etc.) were then sent back to Europe.
200
Name the four major Mesoamerican civilizations and their locations.
1) Inca - Peru 2) Olmec - Mexico & Central America 3) Maya - Yucatan peninsula of Mexico 4) Aztec - Central Mexico
200
Why did a group of settlers first set out to found the settlement of Jamestown, and what happened when they got there?
North America was a land of opportunity. They set out expecting to find gold/silver and land, but they actually found "hell on earth." There were no men left, starvation was everywhere, and natives surrounded the walls of the settlement. Instead of bringing livestock with them, they brought chemical tests for gold.
200
What is the "headright" system, and which 3 colonies used it?
A headright is a grant of 50 acres of land. Each new settler was given 1 headright, and each settler who paid for the passage of another settler would get 1 headright for each new settler. This system was used to attract more settlers in Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina.
200
What is the Glorious Revolution, and what was its effect on the New England colonies?
James II of England (a Catholic monarch) was forced out by Parliament and replaced by his sister, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange (in the Netherlands). They were Protestant monarchs. James II didn't resist because of what happened to his grandfather, Charles I (executed). It was a bloodless revolution. Mary and William abolished the Dominion of New England and restored separate, colonial governments. However, they also increased England's control over the colonies.
200
What percentages of slaves went to the Caribbean, Brazil, and the U.S.?
Caribbean - 48% Brazil - 41% U.S. - 5%
300
What is Cahokia and where is it located?
A famous Native American mound site in Illinois.
300
What is the "city upon a hill?"
A sermon by John Winthrop - an English lawyer who led a group of Puritans from England to New England, where he helped to establish the Massachusetts Bay colony. He strove to create a model society founded upon Puritan beliefs - a "city upon a hill" - for the entire community to emulate.
300
Name the three Navigation Acts. What was their purpose?
1. Colonies could only trade with English ships, i.e. tobacco could only be exported to England or English colonies. 2. All goods sent to the colonies had to pass through England and pay a tax. 3. Create officials to regulate and enforce these acts. They were designed to regulate commerce according to the theory of mercantilism.
300
What is Bacon's Rebellion?
Sir William Berkeley was the governor of Virginia. He increased his powers to make elections rare and restricted voting to landowners. Nathaniel Bacon joined with the people of the Virginia "backcountry" to resist the governor's growing power. They also disliked Berkeley's refusal to let them settle beyond the boundary line that was set up to maintain peace between the natives and settlers. Bacon raised an army and burned Jamestown. The natives signed a treaty that opened up more land to settlement, forcing natives off their land. This was also a conflict about indentured servants, who had no money or place to live after their term was up. As a result of Bacon's Rebellion, people grew fearful of indentured servants rebelling again, and turned towards African slave labor instead.
300
Define "chattel slavery."
The movement of slaves as property. The word "chattel" derives from the same word as cattle. This is another reference to the fact that Europeans regarded slaves as animals, rather than actual human beings. It also refers to to manner in which slaves were crudely packed onto slave ships and herded like cattle to the Americas, where they were worked until their death.
400
Why did Europe start to explore in the 15th century? Name at least three reasons.
- Location - close to the Americas - Development of advanced technology (navigation, weapons, etc.) - Need for natural resources (i.e. spices, dyes, crops, gold etc.) that weren't available in Europe - Religion - to spread Christianity or escape persecution - The rise of powerful, united governments - Modern population growth - needed more land and food - Rise of the merchant class etc....
400
Describe the "typical" English immigrant to the New World. How does this differ in Virginia vs. New England?
Virginia - male, young adult/adult, bachelors New England - male/female, mostly children and adults, family units People mainly went to Virginia to work as indentured servants/for land and monetary opportunities. People mainly went to New England for religious purposes and to start anew with their families.
400
What was the Dominion of New England?
England decided to unify its empire, and so the government started heavily regulating the colonies, which had been pretty independent and self-governing beforehand. King James II decided to tighten his hold on Massachusetts because the colony repeatedly defied the Navigation Acts. He revoked the Massachusetts Bay charter and created the Dominion of New England. This combined all of New England, New York and New Jersey into one colony ruled by 1 governor (Edmund Andros).
400
Describe the English Civil War and its importance to the English colonies in America.
Charles I abolished Parliament and ruled as an absolute monarch. A war broke out between the people who supported the King (Cavaliers) and the people who supported the Parliament (Roundheads). The Roundheads won and executed Charles I. The leader of the Roundheads, Oliver Cromwell, became the "protector" of England. After Cromwell's death, his son was an incapable ruler, and Charles I's brother, Charles II, came out of hiding and took back the throne. This was known as the English Restoration. It is important to the colonies because while the English Civil War was going on, there was no further colonization in America. After the restoration, interest in colonization started back up again.
400
What areas of North America were under Spanish control in this period? What areas were under French control?
Spanish Empire in North America - Mexico City - Florida - California - The Southwest (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) French Empire in North America - Canada (Quebec) - Great Lakes area of present-day Michigan - Louisiana territory
500
What are some arguments for and against celebrating Columbus Day?
Pros - Recognizes the achievements of an explorer who created the first permanent European settlement in the Americas - The beginnings of the Columbian Exchange - Patriotic holiday Cons - Columbus did not discover the New World - natives lived there first - Failed to get to Asia, which was his initial goal - Began slavery in America - Began colonization of the Americas - forced conversion of natives - Native population wiped out by disease, overwork, and war
500
What were three problems happening in England that led to an increased English interest in colonizing the Americas?
1) Frequent, expensive wars --> high taxes 2) Constant religious conflicts (Protestant & English Reformations) 3) Scarce land & food
500
Describe the founding of each of the following colonies: Virginia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Georgia.
Virginia - Jamestown, hunt for gold, John Smith, Powhatans, John Rolfe & tobacco, headright system, indentured servants Massachusetts - Plymouth, Puritans escaping religious persecution in England, theocracy, "city upon a hill," Massachusetts Bay Maryland - George Calvert, refuge for English Catholics, religious toleration, headright system, tobacco, indentured servants Carolina - Restoration colony (Charles II), headright system, religious toleration, Charles Town, Fundamental Constitution for Carolina --> social hierarchy, plantation slavery, northern farming region farmers vs. southern commercial region --> too different, so split into North Carolina and South Carolina New York - Restoration colony, James the Duke of York, originally Dutch colony of New Netherland, cultural melting pot, hierarchy of land-owners, fur traders and people loyal to the Duke New Jersey - Restoration colony, James the Duke of York, originally Dutch colony of New Netherland, not profitable, cultural melting pot, no class of land-owners, originally divided into East and West --> joined to form New Jersey Pennsylvania - Restoration colony, Quakers, William Penn, most attractive and well-known colony in America, positive relationship with natives, Middle Grounds, lower half broke off to form Delaware Georgia - last of the 13 colonies, James II, General James Oglethorpe, Savannah, military barrier against Spanish, philanthropic, no African Americans (free or slaves), no Catholics, grew more slowly than other colonies
500
Describe the impact of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment on the American colonies.
These intellectual movements reflected the growing conflict in the colonies about the traditional emphasis on the role God plays in individual lives vs. the role that science and human reason play in individual lives. The Enlightenment suggests that people, not God, have control over their lives. Some Americans, especially the Puritans in New England, worried about the weakening of religious piety. This led to the Great Awakening. The Enlightenment also generated the establishment of American colleges and advancements in printing, leading to the publication of newspapers & almanacs to disseminate knowledge. The Scientific Revolution in Europe spread to the colonies, leading to new intellectual developments by American scientists that contributed to the growth of science in Europe as well.
500
Describe slave society in the Caribbean vs. North America.
Caribbean - Mixed-race class (no European women) - Sugar plantations - Worked slaves to the death (cheaper to buy new ones than keep the old ones healthy) - Violence to discourage revolts - No slave culture developed - No family units North America - No mixed-race class - Tobacco, cotton, rice plantations (less harsh than sugar cultivation) - Kept slaves alive longer --> this meant they had more of a reason to develop their own slave culture and establish families (but increased life expectancy was also a tragedy because it meant they would reproduce more and their children would be slaves)