Thinking Like a Historian
A document or physical object created during the time under study, such as letters, photographs, or official records
What is a primary source?
Gilded Age
- The Gilded Age was a time of fast industrial growth and wealth for some, but also a lot of poverty and political corruption
- Big businesses grew, labor movements started, and social changes happened, but there were also problems like monopolies, political machines, and bad working conditions
What term refers to the rapid industrialization and growth of cities during this period?
Theodore Roosevelt
- Known for pushing for progressive reforms like trust-busting and conservation
- Worked to protect national parks, broke up big monopolies, and helped make the U.S. a stronger global power
Which president is known for breaking up monopolies and protecting the environment during the Progressive Era?
A movement celebrating African American culture in the 1920s
- African American artists, writers, and musicians, mainly in Harlem created new forms of art
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
The Stock Market Crash
- Too many people bought stocks on credit and panic set in, causing a sell-off and widespread financial collapse
What started the Great Depression in 1929?
The 13th Amendment
- Made slavery illegal, unless someone was punished for a crime, an important step toward freedom for African Americans
Which amendment ended slavery within the U.S.?
Andrew Carnegie
- Industrialist who built a steel empire, using the Bessemer Process to revolutionize steel production and become one of the wealthiest men in the U.S.
- Carnegie donated much of his fortune to education, libraries, and scientific research, believing in the "Gospel of Wealth"
Who was the businessman that controlled the steel industry during the Gilded Age?
Prohibition
The 18th Amendment, ratified in 1919, banned the production and sale of alcohol. What is this called?
Flappers
- Symbolized the changing attitudes of women, becoming more independent and challenging fashion
What was the term used for women who wore short skirts and kept their hair at bob length?
The New Deal
- Series of programs created by FDR in the 1930s to help the U.S. recover from the Great Depression
What was the name of Roosevelt’s economic plan to fight the Depression?
"In God We Trust"
What became the official motto in 1956 to distinguish the U.S. from nations that restrict religious freedoms?
The American Federation of Labor
- A national organization focused on improving wages, hours, and working conditions for skilled workers through collective bargaining
- Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL emphasized practical goals, such as better pay and safer working conditions, and excluded unskilled workers and women from membership
Which labor union was formed in the 1860s to fight for workers' rights, especially for skilled laborers?
The Pure Food and Drug Act
- Passed in 1906 to make sure that food and medicine were safe and properly labeled
- Created to stop companies from selling harmful or fake products, like medicine with dangerous ingredients or spoiled food
What act was passed to regulate food safety?
Marcus Garvey
Who co-founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association?
The Dust Bowl
What disaster made the Great Depression worse?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- He and his wife were killed by a Serbian nationalist
- Set off a chain reaction of alliances and tensions between European countries
Which event started World War I in 1914?
It was a law that was meant to break up big companies and help businesses compete with each other
What was the significance of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act?
Susan B. Anthony
Whose efforts helped push for women's suffrage in the U.S. leading to the 19th Amendment?
Speakeasies
- People would go there to drink and socialize, and they had to know the secret password to get in.
What were the illegal bars where alcohol was served during Prohibition in the 1920s called?
Financial aid to the unemployed, disabled, and elderly
What was provided by the Social Security Act?
The Zimmerman Telegram
- Secret message sent by Germany to Mexico, asking Mexico to join World War I against the U.S. in exchange for help getting back lost land
- Intercepted by Britain and leaked to the U.S., pushed America into joining the war on the side of the Allies
What event led to the United States entering World War I in 1917?
The Bessemer Process
- Involved blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities, turning it into affordable, mass-produced steel
- Revolutionized the steel industry, reducing production costs, fueling growth of infrastructure like railroads, bridges, and buildings during the Gilded Age
What process by Henry Bessemer allowed for the mass production of steel during the Gilded Age?
The National Association for the Advancement if Colored People
- Founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights and equality for African Americans
- It worked on legal cases, protested racial discrimination, and pushed for laws to end segregation and protect voting rights
Which organization was formed to fight for African American civil rights during the Progressive Era?
The Teapot Dome Scandal
- A political scandal in the 1920s where government officials secretly allowed private companies to drill for oil on public lands.
What was the series of military and political scandals that rocked the U.S. government in the 1920s called?
Hoovervilles
What were the names of shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression.