1.1: Natives & Colonists
Before European colonization, Native nations already had their own ______ to make political decisions.
Governments
This cash crop became the most important export of colonial Virginia and Maryland, helping make the Chesapeake region wealthy.
Tobacco
This was the name given to the forced voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Middle Passage
After winning the Seven Years' War, Britain gained control of more territory in North America, giving it a much larger ______ to govern.
Empire
American colonists used this famous phrase to protest British taxes because they did not have elected representatives in Parliament.
No Taxation Without Representation
In 1776, the American colonies announced their separation from Great Britain through this famous document, although Britain would not officially recognize their independence until 1783.
Declaration of Independence
After declaring independence from Great Britain, Americans established their first national system of government under this document, which gave most governing powers to the individual states.
Articles of Confederation
Unlike the French and Dutch, who focused heavily on trade, English colonists established these types of settlements.
Farm/Permanent Settlements
In colonial Virginia, eligible voters elected representatives to this assembly, where they helped make decisions about colonial laws.
House of Burgesses
As European demand for colonial products such as tobacco and sugar increased, plantation owners needed more of this to work their fields.
Forced/Enslaved Labor
Britain and France competed for control of this valuable North American region because of its rivers, trade routes, and opportunities for western expansion.
Ohio Country
In 1773, American colonists protested British policies by boarding ships in Boston Harbor and dumping hundreds of chests of tea into the water. This famous act of colonial resistance became known as the ______.
Boston Tea Party
In 1781, American forces surrounded British General Cornwallis while French naval forces helped prevent his escape by sea. This decisive American victory occurred at this Virginia location.
Yorktown
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress could request money from individual states, but it lacked the power to directly collect these from American citizens.
Taxes
Native nations sometimes formed these cooperative relationships with European empires so that both Europeans and Native nations could benefit
Alliances
During the colonial period, some colonists could elect representatives and make decisions about local laws. This practice was known as ______.
Self-Government
These people made money by buying and selling colonial goods through Atlantic ports, even if they never owned plantations themselves.
Merchants
This young Virginia military officer led British colonial forces during the early fighting at Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity in 1754.
George Washington
Although Patriot illustrations portrayed the colonists as defenseless during the Boston Massacre, eyewitness testimony reported that some members of the crowd had thrown these objects at British soldiers before the shooting.
Snowballs/rocks
In December 1776, George Washington crossed the icy Delaware River and launched a surprise attack against Hessian soldiers, winning an important victory that helped keep the struggling Continental Army alive. This victory was known as the ______.
Trenton
In 1786, farmers and other Massachusetts residents facing serious debt problems and a shortage of money participated in this uprising, which raised concerns about the weaknesses of America's government.
Shays Rebellion
This term describes how and where colonial communities were organized, such as compact towns or scattered plantations
Settlement Patterns
Because many New England colonists lived close together in compact towns, they could participate in this form of local government
Town Meetings
While busy colonial ports such as Charles Town demonstrated the wealth generated by Atlantic commerce, diagrams of enslaved Africans packed tightly aboard ships revealed this human cost of the slave trade.
Human Exploitation
Although Britain gained an enormous amount of territory after winning the Seven Years' War, the conflict also left Britain struggling with this major problem.
Debt
Rather than purchasing British goods, American colonists sometimes refused to buy them as a form of economic protest. This strategy was called a ______.
Boycott
This important American victory in 1777 helped convince France that the Patriots had a real chance of defeating Britain, encouraging the French to form a formal military alliance with the Americans the following year.
Saratoga
Although the Declaration of Independence announced America's separation from Britain in 1776, this peace agreement signed in 1783 officially recognized the United States as an independent nation.
Treaty of Paris
The Pueblo Revolt temporarily drove Spanish rulers out of New Mexico, while Metacom's War ended with stronger English control in New England. These two conflicts demonstrate that Native resistance to colonization could have different historical ______.
Outcomes/Results
New England's rocky soil encouraged compact towns, while the Chesapeake's rivers supported widely scattered plantations. These differences demonstrate how this major factor influenced colonial economies, settlement patterns, and governments.
Geography
Abusive British trading practices, growing debts, and fears of enslavement helped cause this 1715 conflict between South Carolina colonists and several Native nations.
Yamasee War
After winning the Seven Years' War, Britain issued this policy to restrict colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, hoping to prevent further conflicts with Native nations.
Proclamation of 1763
Patriots used dramatic illustrations of the Boston Massacre to make British soldiers appear cruel and convince more colonists to oppose British rule. This type of persuasive material is called ______.
Propaganda
Led by George Washington, this American military force struggled against the much larger British army throughout the Revolutionary War and was in serious danger of defeat in December 1776.
Continental Army
By 1787, problems with the Articles of Confederation convinced American leaders that their national government needed changes. When delegates gathered in Philadelphia that year, their original purpose was to do this to the Articles of Confederation.
Revise/Change