Pre-Civil War & Sectional Conflict
The Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, and Kansas-Nebraska Act were all attempts by the federal government to resolve conflict over this major issue.
What is slavery (or the spread of slavery into new territories)?
In 1861, this region held significant economic advantages, including 92% of the nation's industrial output and 85% of its factories.
What is the North (or the Union)?
This Reconstruction Constitutional Amendment officially banned slavery throughout the United States.
What is the 13th Amendment?
Established during Reconstruction, this federal agency provided assistance, education, and relief to newly freed African Americans in the South.
What is the Freedmen's Bureau?
This political agreement resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and brought an end to Radical Reconstruction.
What is the Compromise of 1877
This 1857 Supreme Court ruling increased sectional tension by ruling that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and that enslaved individuals were not citizens.
What is Dred Scott v. Sandford?
General Winfield Scott created this strategic plan—illustrated as a giant serpent—to blockade Southern ports and squeeze the Confederacy into submission
What is the Anaconda Plan (or "Scott's Great Snake")?
This amendment guaranteed citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
What is the 14th Amendment?
To enforce federal policy and protect freedmen's rights, the Reconstruction Acts divided the former Confederacy into five of these areas governed by army commanders.
What are military districts?
As part of the Compromise of 1877, federal troops were ordered to do this, leaving white Democrats in control of Southern states.
What is withdraw from the South (removal of federal troops)?
This principle proposed that the voters living in a territory should decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.
What is popular sovereignty?
Census data from 1820 to 1860 shows a steady increase in the enslaved population across Southern states, leading historians to infer that without the Civil War, this system likely would have done what?
What is continued to grow?
This amendment guaranteed African American men the right to vote.
What is the 15th Amendment?
In this agricultural system, workers farmed land in exchange for a portion of the crop, but frequently ended up trapped in a cycle of debt.
What is sharecropping?
Southern states instituted these two specific measures at polling places to limit the number of African Americans qualified to vote.
What are literacy tests and poll taxes?
This political event in November 1860 served as the direct catalyst for several Southern states to secede from the Union.
What is the election of Abraham Lincoln as President?
Despite having 37% of the total Southern population in 1860, over 3.5 million people in that total belonged to this disenfranchised group.
Who are enslaved persons?
President Lincoln proposed this lenient plan, which required a specific percentage of voters in a Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance before re-entering the Union
What is the 10 Percent Plan?
Southern states passed these oppressive laws immediately after the Civil War to severely restrict the freedom, movement, and employment options of freed African Americans.
What are the Black Codes?
In the 1896 landmark case Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of these Southern segregation laws.
What are Jim Crow laws?
Written in the 1850s, this passage directly criticized slavery for causing economic and social problems in the South, calling it "the most hateful and horrible word that was ever incorporated into the vocabulary of human economy..."
What is The Impending Crisis of the South (by Helper) / an anti-slavery perspective blaming slavery for Southern economic dependency?
Although the South had far fewer resources than the North, this specific resource—totaling over 56 million acres in 1861—was its strongest asset relative to its total territory.
What is farmland?
Radical Republicans opposed Lincoln's lenient plan because they wanted to prevent former Confederate leaders from returning to power, make the Republican Party strong in the South, and guarantee this for African Americans.
What is voting rights (or full political equality)?
Landowners forced sharecroppers into debt by requiring them to buy tools and supplies on credit from local stores that charged these.
What are high interest rates?
Between 1873 and 1879, Democratic membership in Congress steadily increased because of this political shift in the South.
What is white voters regaining political control of Southern state governments?