Industrialization & The Gilded Age
Which business strategy involves controlling all aspects of production?
Vertical Integration
What was the goal of collective bargaining?
To negotiate better wages and working conditions
What was the main purpose of Ellis Island?
To register immigrants arriving on the East Coast
Who was the primary group represented by the Populist Party?
Farmers and rural Americans
Who authored The Jungle, exposing the meatpacking industry?
Upton Sinclair
What was the Sherman Antitrust Act designed to do?
Outlaw Trusts and monopolies
Which labor leader founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?
Samuel Gompers
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 do?
Prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the U.S.
What was the goal of the "Cross of Gold" speech by William Jennings Bryan?
Advocate for the free coinage of silver
What was the purpose of the 19th Amendment?
Granted women the right to vote
How did J.D. Rockefeller dominate the oil industry?
Horizontal Integration / Monopoly
What was the outcome of the Haymarket Riot?
Increased xenophobia and mistrust of unions
How were "old" immigrants different from "new" immigrants?
"Old" immigrants were primarily Protestant and spoke English; "new" immigrants were Catholic and Jewish were non-English speaking
What did muckrakers focus on during the Progressive Era?
Exposing social and political corruption
Which president introduced the "Square Deal" and was known as a trustbuster?
Theodore Roosevelt
Why were railroads considered the backbone of industrialization in the late 19th century?
They connected markets, transported goods efficiently, and facilitated westward expansion.
What caused the Pullman Strike?
Wage Cuts and Layoffs (and the fact that the Company town raised rent prices)
What did Jacob Riis expose in How the Other Half Lives?
Poor living conditions in urban tenements
What was the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire?
Highlighted the need for workplace safety reforms
What was the purpose of the 16th Amendment?
Established the income tax
What role did monopolies and trusts play during the Gilded Age, and why were they controversial?
They reduced competition and concentrated wealth and power in the hands of a few, often at the expense of workers and consumers.
Why were child labor laws introduced during this period?
To protect children from unsafe conditions and exploitation
Why were nativists opposed to immigration?
Fear of job loss, crime, and distrust of non-Protestant religions
Which Progressive reform allowed citizens to vote directly on laws?
Referendum
Which African American educator and reformer believed in vocational education and economic self-reliance as a path to equality
Booker T. Washington