USABO Recap Jeopardy (12/08)

Genetics

100

This molecule carries genetic information using a double-stranded antiparallel helix.

DNA

200

This enzyme synthesizes new DNA strands during replication by adding nucleotides in 5’–> 3’ direction.

DNA polymerase

300

Errors from DNA replication are reduced by this activity of DNA polymerase.

Proofreading

400

This DNA repair pathway specifically corrects base–base mismatches and insertion–deletion loops that escape DNA polymerase proofreading, and in E. coli relies on MutS, MutL, and MutH recognizing hemimethylated DNA.

Mismatch repair

500

This epigenetic phenomenon causes certain autosomal genes to be expressed monoallelically depending on their parental origin and is maintained through differential DNA methylation at imprinting control regions.

Genomic imprinting

Cardiovascular

100

This phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to ventricular relaxation and filling of blood in the heart.

Diastole

200

This pacemaker region of the heart initiates an electrical impulse that sets the heart rate.

Sinoatrial (SA) node

300

Blood leaving the left ventricle enters this artery to be distributed throughout the body.

Aorta

400

These valves prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during systole.

Atrioventricular valves

500

This specialized cardiac structure delays electrical impulse transmission due to fewer gap junctions, allowing time for ventricular filling before contraction.

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Phylogeny

100

This diagram represents an evolutionary relationship with branch lengths proportional to time.

Phylogram

200

Any features shared by 2 or more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor are called:

Homologous

300

This group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Clade

400

When this happens, species with independent evolutionary origins develop superficially similar traits.

Convergent evolution

500

This is a derived trait shared among a group of organisms, providing evidence of common ancestry.

Synapomorphies

Nervous & Integumentary

100

Stratum ____ is the THICKEST layer of the epidermis in THIN SKIN.

Spinosum

200

This type of sweat gland secretes a mix of water, electrolytes, and organic compounds, and is concentrated in densely hairy regions.

Apocrine sweat glands

300

Through this process, the body changes the diameter of blood vessels to lose heat by increasing blood flow near the skin.

Vasodilation

400

Which voltage-gated ion channels open to trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the axon terminal?

Ca²⁺ channels (Calcium channels)

500

Which voltage-gated ion channels open to RESTORE the resting potential after an action potential?

K⁺ channels (Potassium channels)

Cellular Respiration

100

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate generated by glycolysis enters this metabolic pathway to regenerate NAD+.

Fermentation

200

What is the location where pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

Mitochondrial matrix

300

This molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

O₂

400

These two electron carriers shuttle electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.

NAD+ and FAD

500

This chemiosmotic gradient directly powers ATP synthesis.

Proton motive force