Launching the New Nation
The supreme law of the United States of America. It replaced the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789.
The Constitution
Describe the difference between Nationalism and Sectionalism
Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country - focusing on what benefits the entire nation
vs.
Sectionalism: Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.
the long era of social change (1820 - 1860), marked by the predominant desire to improve society based on the 2nd Great Awakening/spread of religion
Antebellum Reform Movements (1820-1860)
Which type of factory became increasingly common for women to work in, especially in Massachusetts?
textile factories/mills such as the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)
Missouri Compromise
Which side of the Civil War benefitted from these advantages:
1. Larger population
2. An industrial economy
3. Well-developed rail system
4. Experienced Government
Advantages of the Union
What was the goal of Reconstruction?
To bring the Southern states back into the Union/unify the country and rebuild the areas destroyed in the South from the Civil War
a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture
Assimilation
a person who has become rich through ruthless and unethical business practices
Robber Baron
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
Nativism/Nativists
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, purpose is to protect individual liberties, first suggested/supported by the Antifederalists prior to ratifying the Constitution
The Bill of Rights
President Andrew Jackson favored the spoils system which meant what?
He preferred to give positions in the government to his political supporters.
goals of this movement: provide women with more rights: voting, property, and pay
leaders of this movement: Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B Anthony
Women's Reform Movement
Henry Clay's economic principles used in making the American system was really meant to help the American economy to rely on:
A. domestic manufacturing
B. U.S. production of goods to be self-sufficient
C. foreign made products
D. international trade
A. domestic manufacturing
B. U.S. production of goods
a law that was made more strict as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage
Fugitive Slave Act
An executive order passed by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all the regions behind Confederate lines - used as a military tactic to hurt the South, build the Union army, and change the moral cause of the war.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Which Reconstruction Amendment would invalidate the Supreme Court's decision in the Dred Scott case?
13th: abolished slavery
14th: provided citizenship to freed slaves/all born in the country
15th: provided voting rights to all men regardless of race
14th: provided citizenship to freed slaves/all born in the country
To help develop the American West and spur economic growth, Congress passed this act, which provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land. The act distributed millions of acres of western land to individual settlers.
Homestead Act of 1862
a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in some way.
Captain of Industry
"survival of the fittest"—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better -- it has been used to justify imperialism, racism, and social inequality at various times over the past century and a half.
Social Darwinism
political party known for its support of strong state governments, desire to limit the national gov power, supported the French Revolution and promoted a strict interpretation of The Constitution.
Democratic-Republicans
Identify the major economies of the North & South
North = Industry
South = Agriculture
An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption
Temperance Movement
the 19th-century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward/ people believed it was their "God-Given Right" to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory.
Manifest Destiny
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) slave trade abolished in DC, and (4) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
Compromise of 1850
Abraham Lincoln's speech delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. Lincoln expressed the desire to unify and advance equality for all.
Gettysburg Address
this political group advocated for expanding rights for African Americans, gained support from African Americans, and this party wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders in the South
Radical Republicans
a law enacted in 1887, that was intended to "Americanize" or assimilate Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.
The Dawes Act
He led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. He became a leading philanthropist in the United States.
Andrew Carnegie
Reason for significant increases in immigration to the U.S. in the late 1800's.
Economic opportunities in the United States
Supporters of the U.S. Constitution who urged its adoption -- advocated for a strong national government, favored the Jay Treaty and promoted a loose interpretation of The Constitution.
Federalists
major changes in the U.S. economy produced by people buying and selling goods, increasing manufacturing, and developing new inventions rather than being self-sufficient
The Market Revolution
This event was the first women's rights convention and was held in NY in 1848, focusing on expanding suffrage rights for women.
The Seneca Falls Convention
Which invention prompted growth in the institution of slavery as related to the reliance on cotton?
the cotton gin
A 1857 Supreme Court decision that inflamed hostilities between the North and the South regarding slavery. Ruled that living in a free state and territory did not entitle an African American to his freedom because, as an enslaved man, he was not a citizen, but essentially another person's property. In effect, this decision made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and support for the Republican Party increased.
Dredd Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Which side of the Civil War had these advantages?
1. fighting on the defensive in its own territory -- Familiar with the landscape
2. Experienced Military Leaders
3. Highly motivated soldiers
Advantages of the Confederacy/South
The discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil-War South which severely restricted African Americans' lives, prohibiting such activities as traveling without permits, carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, and marrying whites. (during Reconstruction and eventually led to Jim Crow laws)
Black Codes
built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century.
Transcontinental Railroad
a business strategy in which one company grows its operations at the same level in an industry. Horizontal integrations help companies grow in size and revenue, expand into new markets, diversify product offerings, and reduce competition
Horizontal Integration
What impact did industrialization have on movement of populations in the country?
Industrialization led to rapid urbanization.
In Marbury v. Madison (1803), Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional and this power became known as ______.
judicial review
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transportation system
Henry Clay's American System
United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and speaker in the North (1817-1895)- wrote "What to the Slave is the 4th of July?"
Frederick Douglass
Also called the Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
Tariff of Abominations
a system in which the residents vote to decide whether or not slavery would be permitted in new territories in the west
Popular Sovereignty
When Lincoln mentioned in the Gettysburg Address that he supported a "new birth of freedom", which amendment accomplished that just a few years later?
The 13th Amendment
A barrier to voting rights, implemented by state laws requiring payment in order to vote
Poll tax
This act established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and lower excessive railroad rates.
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
the term used to describe a business strategy in which a company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain.
Vertical Integration
What impact did the Transcontinental Railroad have on migration patterns and economic growth in the 1800's?
It facilitated westward expansion, economic growth, and increased migration to the West.
1803 purchase of the territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. (Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains -- for $15 million)
Louisiana Purchase
The first state to declare after the Tariff of 1828 that states had the right to nullify laws they found unconstitutional and threatened secession
South Carolina's
1831, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Underground Railroad
The conflict between the US and Mexico after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. As the winner, the US acquired vast new territories from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Mexican American War
Repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as "Bleeding Kansas," as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote
Kansas - Nebraska Act
One of the major legacies of the Civil War was the influence over developing newer/better technologies. Name 1!
Medical technology/nursing
Better weapons
Increased communication and transportation
Photography
What did the Compromise of 1877 result in that ended Reconstruction?
The end of federal military intervention in the South
the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River and Sitting Bull never agreed to it
Treaty of Fort Laramie
The belief held by many big business owners that economic success demonstrates fitness to lead
Social Darwinism
What were some of the major issues in cities at the end of the 1800's?
overcrowding, poor housing conditions, unsanitary living conditions, lack of resources, poverty, crime