Launching the New Nation
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791.
The Bill of Rights
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Nationalism
convention where women and men met to discuss women's rights
Seneca Falls
What were the major economies of the Northern and Southern Regions of the US in the early to mid-1800s?
North = Industry
South = Agriculture
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)
Missouri Compromise
The two sides in the conflict
Union and Confederacy
A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.
KKK
a minority group's adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture
Assimilation
a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices (originally with reference to prominent US businessmen in the late 19th century).
Robber Baron
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
Nativism/Nativists
political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party -- promoted a strict interpretation of The Constitution.
Democratic-Republicans
Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.
Sectionalism
An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption
Temperance Movement
the 19th-century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory.
Manifest Destiny
a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage
Fugitive Slave Act
1. Larger population
2. An industrial economy
3. Variety of natural resources, like coal, iron, and gold
4. Well-developed rail system
5. Experienced Government
Advantages of the Union
party advocated for the expansion of slavery into the territories and strong enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. The party's platform further affirmed the right of the federal government to protect the rights of slaveholders in the states and territories.
Southern Democrats
To help develop the American West and spur economic growth, Congress passed this act, which provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm the land. The act distributed millions of acres of western land to individual settlers.
Homestead Act of 1862
a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in some way.
Captain of Industry
"survival of the fittest"—the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better -- it has been used to justify imperialism, racism, and social inequality at various times over the past century and a half.
Social Darwinism
Supporters of the U.S. Constitution who urged its adoption -- advocated for a strong national government and promoted a loose interpretation of The Constitution.
Federalists
major changes in the U.S. economy produced by people buying and selling goods rather than being self-sufficient
The Market Revolution
an experimental community designed to be a perfect society, in which its members could live together in harmony
Utopian Society
Also called the Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.
Tariff of Abominations
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
Compromise of 1850
An executive order passed by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all the regions behind Confederate lines - used as a military tactic to hurt the South, build the Union army, and change the moral cause of the war.
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War, wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote
Radical Republicans
a law enacted in 1887, that was intended to "Americanize" Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.
The Dawes Act
a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist, he led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history. He became a leading philanthropist in the United States, Great Britain, and the British Empire.
Andrew Carnegie
a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives—money, political jobs—and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.
Political Machine
an 1803 case in which the SCOTUS ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional, this power became known as judicial review
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transportation system
Henry Clay's American System
United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
Frederick Douglass
The territory that fought for its independence from Mexico, and later became a state
Texas
A 1857 Supreme Court decision that inflamed hostilities between the North and the South regarding slavery. Ruled that living in a free state and territory did not entitle an African American to his freedom because, as an enslaved man, he was not a citizen, but essentially another person's property.
Dredd Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Abraham Lincoln's speech delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.
Gettysburg Address
The discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil-War South which severely restricted African Americans' lives, prohibiting such activities as traveling without permits, carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, and marrying whites. (during Reconstruction)
Black Codes
built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States. Begun just before the American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century.
Transcontinental Railroad
a business strategy in which one company grows its operations at the same level in an industry.
Horizontal Integration
a period of rapid industrialization in America from 1865-1898. It was characterized by the extreme wealth of a few individuals, while many others lived in poverty.
The Gilded Age
1803 purchase of the territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. (Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains -- for $15 million)
Louisiana Purchase
Declaration by South Carolina after the Tariff of 1828 that said that states still have the right to nullify and threatened secession
South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification
1831, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North
Underground Railroad
The conflict between the US and Mexico after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. As a victor, the US acquired vast new territories from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Mexican American War
a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue -- during the 1880s this issue was specifically slavery
Popular Soverginity
1. fighting on the defensive in its own territory -- Familiar with the landscape
2. The military and political objectives of the Union were much more difficult to accomplish.
3. Experienced Military Leaders
4. Highly motivated soldiers
Advantages of the Confederacy
Federal government agency designed to aid distressed refugees and freedman after the Civil War, such as food, housing, and medical care.
Faced significant resistance from former Confederates in the South and President Johnson vetoed a bill to increase the organizations' powers.
Freedman's Bureau, 1865
this act created the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
the term used to describe a business strategy in which a company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain.
Vertical Integration
Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
Patronage