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programmed cell death
apoptosis
relaxed from of DNA in a cell's nucleus
chromatin
process of cells growing and dividing
cell cycle
process of cell's nucleus and nuclear material dividing
mitosis
part of cell cycle consisting of cell growing, carrying out cellular functions, and replicating DNA
interphase
structures containing genetic material passed from generation to generation
chromosomes
each half of an X shape of chromosome and contain identical copies of DNA
sister chromatid
substances that are known to cause cancer
carcinogens
method by which cytoplasm divides creating a new cell
structure that holds together sister chromatids
centromeres
Surface area and volume are examples of
factors that limit cell size
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis are
primary stages of cell cycle
the order of interphase stages are
G1, S, G2
Stem cells with infinite potential and can become any cell
embryonic stem cells
Stem cells that have limited potential and become specific only to the tissues of which they heal
adult stem cells
Stage of interphase where copies of DNA are made
S
Phase of mitosis where chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along the equator of the cell
metaphase
Phase of mitosis involving nuclear membrane disintegrating, nucleolus disappearing, spindle forming at poles, and the condensation of chromosomes.
prophase
the proteins that regulate the cell cycle
cyclins
Phase of mitosis in which the cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis
Two of these exists only during G2 of interphase, prophase, and metaphase
Enzyme that binds cyclin to regulate cellular reproduction processes.
cyclin dependent kinases or CDKs
Unregulated cell growth and reproduction resulting in tissue damage
cancer
telophase
Phase of mitosis when microtubules shorten and move chromosomes to opposite poles
anaphase