Aortic Stenosis
Increased echogenicity of the AV leaflets without significant obstruction.
What is valvular sclerosis?
The primary cause of MS.
What is Rheumatic disease?
More common in this patient population.
What is the younger population?
The most common cause.
What is congenital.
Name 2 possible causes of cardiac valvular stenosis.
What are (congenital abnormalities, post-inflammatory process, age related calcification)
Two common causes of AS.
What are (calcification of the leaflets, congenital disease, rheumatic disease)
Imaging planes allowing for evaluation of the extent of disease.
What are the parasternal and apical imaging planes?
The common cause of adult TS.
What is rheumatic?
Heart disease that may result in PS.
What is carcinoid heart disease?
Describe flow prior to a stenotic valve.
What is blunted with a flat velocity profile?
Accounts for two thirds of AS in patient's under the age of 70 years old.
What is a bicuspid AV?
Effect of an increased cardiac output on MS gradients.
What is an increase in?
Heart disease common effecting the right heart valves.
What is carcinoid heart disease?
Common appreciated with what congenital abnormality.
What is either Tetralogy of Fallot or transposition of the great arteries?
Describe flow to distal to a stenotic valve.
What is turbulent with chaotic flow patterns?
Two differential diagnosis for AS.
What are (subvalvular obstruction via subaortic membrane / muscular subaortic stenosis, HOCM, supra-valvular stenosis)?
PISA stands for.
What is Proximal Iso-velocity Surface Area?
What are RA masses, thrombus, or tumors?
Appearance of the anatomy of a stenotic PV.
What is thickened leaflets with systolic doming?
Pressure gradient equals four times the velocity squared.
What is Bernoulli's equation.
The estimated AVA provided; LVOT diameter of 1.1 cm, LVOT velocity of 1.2 m/sec, & AS velocity of 4.2 m/sec.
What is 0.23 cm?
Consequences of MS on; pulmonary pressures, coexisting valvular disease, and the left ventricle.
What are an increase in pulmonary pressures, similar causes may result in AS and TS, minimal effect on the left ventricle.
The pressure half time representing TS.
What is > 190 msec?
The peak gradient range for moderate PS.
What is 36 - 64 mmHg.
A reduction in a valve's area to one fourth its normal opening results in.
What is a symptomatic patient?