Enlightenment Ideas
Who argued that government’s job is to protect “life, liberty, and property”?
John Locke
Why did Britain begin taxing the American colonies heavily after 1763?
– To pay off debts from war
What was one major cause of the French Revolution?
– Economic crisis and unfair social divisions among the Estates
What allowed the Industrial Revolution to start in Britain?
– Access to coal, iron, capital, and trade networks
What Enlightenment idea connects most directly to democracy?
– Government’s power comes from the consent of the governed
According to Hobbes, what type of government is needed to control selfish human nature?
– A strong absolute government
Why did the Stamp Act anger colonists?
– It taxed printed goods without giving colonists a voice in Parliament
The storming of the Bastille symbolized
– The people’s revolt against royal tyranny
Which invention most directly led to faster transportation and manufacturing?
– The steam engine
How did the French and American Revolutions influence other nations?
– They inspired global movements for liberty and equality
What was Rousseau’s main political belief?
– Government should reflect the general will of the people
What phrase became a rallying cry of the American Revolution?
– “No taxation without representation”
During the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety sought to
– Eliminate enemies of the revolution
What effect did industrialization have on cities?
– Rapid urban growth and overcrowding
How did the Industrial Revolution affect workers?
– It created new jobs but also harsh working conditions
What was the goal of Diderot’s Encyclopédie?
– To collect and share human knowledge and ideas freely
The Declaration of Independence was most influenced by which Enlightenment idea?
– Natural rights and government by consent
What Enlightenment idea most influenced French revolutionaries?
– Equality and the rejection of absolute monarchy
What were early factory conditions like?
– Long hours, low pay, and unsafe environments
What does “urbanization” mean?
– The movement of people from rural areas to cities
Adam Smith believed economies worked best when
– Markets were free with limited government control
What treaty officially recognized the independence of the United States?
– The Treaty of Paris (1783)
What event marked the fall of Napoleon and end of the revolutionary era in Europe?
– His defeat at Waterloo
What was one environmental result of industrialization?
– Increased pollution and factory waste
What long-term effect did the Industrial Revolution have?
– It shifted nations from farming to industrial economies, creating urban growth, new technologies, and social change worldwide.