Fundamentals
This style of processing focuses on features first then the object is perceived as whole.
Bottom-Up Processing
Samantha is able to successfully answer math problems every time without effort; however she struggles in history class. Samantha is expressing an ______ in her math curriculum.
Expertise
The experimental study that researched ethnicity and gender emphasis, specifically with Asian females. Results indicated that participants perform well when are reminded of their ethnicity but perform worse when reminded of their gender.
Shih et al. (1999)
This style of processing requires prior knowledge to determine an object.
Top-down Processing
This problem-solving technique heavily relies on previous experiences and causes individuals to use the same kinds of methods to solve a problem in the past.
Mental Set
The experimental study that researched the ability to create problem-solving strategies when being affected by arousal or working memory deficiencies. Results indicated that females perform worse on word problems compared to males.
Quinn and Spencer (2001)
When an individual continuously excels at a specific skill.
Expertise
David believes that there are several fundamental differences between males and females and associates certain opinions with each gender. David is experiencing _____________.
Gender Stereotype
The experimental study that researched American females and gender comparison when taking math exams. Results indicated that when participants were told that males scored high; the females performed poorly.
O'Brien and Crandall (2003)
Employing the approach you have previously used to address issues of a similar nature, despite the fact that a simpler approach may have addressed the issue quicker.
Mental Set
Individuals who have a ________ tend to "give up" because they truly believe that they cannot improve their skills or intelligence with practice.
Fixed Mindset
The experimental study that researched European American females when being told that either males tried hard or are naturally smarter when taking the math exam. Results indicate that females respond better to this stimulant and performed better on the math exam.
Thoman et al. (2008)
Habit to give things set purposes, which prevents us from considering things in new ways that can help us find solutions.
Functional Fixedness
When an individual believes that they are able to improve their skills and intelligence over time with practice.
Growth Mindset
The experimental study that researched metacognition, specifically insight problems and noninsight problems. The results indicated that individuals using noninsight problem skills grew over time; whereas, individuals using insight problems immediately used the concept when being near to the answer.
Metcalfe (1986)