Anatomy
First branch of ECA
What is Superior thyroid artery?
These are the 3 types of energy associated with blood
What is Kinetic, pressure, gravitational energy
This is an abnormal growth of tissue inside the blood vessel due to smooth muscle cell proliferation.
What is neointimal hyperplasia
This is classic sonographic sign in near total occlusion stenosis
What is String sign or trickle flow?
This is mid-systolic retraction, distinct from the dicrotic notch
What is Bisferiens Pulse
This extracranial vessel is likely to kink and coil with age.
What is ICA
In a flowing fluid, an increase in fluid's speed with a decrease in pressure energy.
What is Bernoulli's principle?
This is temporary reduction of blood flow, resolving within 24 hours.
What is TIA?
This measures the narrowing of the lumen in a single dimension (width of the vessel).
What is diameter reduction?
This is ICA PSV divided by CCA PSV
What is ICA/CCCA ratio
These are 4 main segments of ICA
What is Cervical, Petrous, Cavernous, and Cerebral?
Peripheral resistance is the resistance to blood flow offered by the systemic blood vessels, especially the small arteries and arterioles
What is peripheral resistance?
It is a condition where blood intended for the brain is stolen to supply the arm because of a significant blockage in the proximal subclavian artery before the origin of the vertebral artery.
What is Subclavian Steal Syndrome
ICA and ECA are played apart in this pathology.
what is the recommended course of treatment for symptomatic stenosis > 50%
Carotid endarterectomy
Extends laterally towards the temporal bone and curves inside the sylvian fissure
What is MCA
flow rate is directly proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the pipe and the pressure difference between two points, and inversely proportional to the viscosity and length of the pipe
What is Poiseuille's law
This is the stroke caused by brain aneurysm rupture.
What is hemorrhagic stroke?
You see very high resistant flow (no flow in diastole) in the proximal CCA. This indicates what?
What is distal stenosis?
This is minimally invasive treatment which involves the use of catheter, balloon, and stent.
This is carotid angioplasty?
It is the most common site for aneurysms associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage
Anterior communicating artery
This type of pressure is height times gravity x density of blood
What is Hydrostatic pressure?
This looks like string of beads due to abnormal cell growth in the arterial wall.
This is hurricane-like, swirling, rotational patterns and is seen downstream to a significant vessel narrowing
What is Eddy Current?
Average velocity over time is used in TCD applications—not peak velocities that we use for vascular quantification