Show:
All About Blood Vessels
Hemodynamics and Blood Pressure Control
All About Lymphatic
Anatomy of Respiratory
Physiology of Respiratory
100
List the 5 blood vessels in order of their general organization.
Arteries --> Arterioles --> Capillaries --> Venules --> Veins
100
What 3 things are being studied in "hemodynamics" ?
Blood pressure, flow, resistance to flow
100
What is the difference between interstitial fluid and lymph?
Interstitial fluid becomes LYMPH once the liquid has entered the lymphatic capillaries.
100
What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system? What are the difference between the 2?
Conducting division - passageway by which air travels to and from the lung, no gas exchange Respiratory division - site of gas exchange between air and blood
100
What are the 2 important muscles that affect the volume of the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm (innervated by phrenic nerves) and external intercostal muscles
200
Name the 3 types of capillaries and the distinguishing characteristics of each. Give the examples of where the capillaries are located in the body!
1) continuous - most common no pores in wall, only small gaps - only small molecules pass EX: blood-brain barrier, lungs, skeletal muscle 2) fenestrated - pores in capillary wall... good for FILTRATION EX: kidneys, small intestine, pituitary 3) Sinusoid - wide, leaky walls; usually associated with macrophages EX: liver, spleen
200
What is the general equation relating flow to pressure difference and resistance?
F = PD / R Flow = Pressure difference / resistance
200
Name the 2 lymphatic ducts, which part of the body each duct drains, and the vein that joins each duct near the heart.
Right lymphatic duct (right subclavian vein) Drains right upper body and right arm Thoracic duct (left subclavian vein) Drains left upper body, left arm, abdomen, both legs.
200
Name the 3 segments of the pharynx 1) which segment is a common pathway for air and food 2) which segment is a branch point for esophagus/ trachea 3) which segment connects to the middle ear
1) oropharynx 2) laryngopharynx 3) nasopharynx
200
What is intrapulmonary pressure and what is intrapleural pressure?
Intrapulmonary is the pressure inside the alveoli, intrapleural is the pressure inside the pleural cavity
300
Name the 2 types of arteries, what makes them different? Give 3 examples of each artery.
Elastic (Conducting) are close to heart and have large amounts of elastic fibers EX: aorta, brachiocephalic, carotid, subclavian, iliac Muscular (Distributing) are far from heart and have large amounts of smooth muscle EX: brachial, radial, mesenteric, femoral
300
What is the equation for cardiac output? What happens to BP if stroke volume or heart rate increase?
CO = SV x HR Increase
300
List the 5 characteristics of the non-specific defense system
1. physical/ chemical barriers 2. leucoyctes 3. anti-viral / anti-bacterial proteins 4. fever 5. inflammation
300
What is another name for the trachea? What does the trachea branch into? What holds the trachea open? What epithelium is in the trachea?
Windpipe, primary bronchi (carina), c-shaped cartilage rings, PCC
300
What is the difference between external and internal respiration?
External is gas exchange between lungs and blood Internal is gas exchange between blood and cells
400
Name the 3 different types of capillary exchange. a) Which form of exchange is good for transporting large molecules? b) Which form of exchange allows blood pressure to push liquid OUT and osmotic pressure to pull liquid IN? c) Which form of exchange is the most important?
a) Vesicular Transport b) Bulk Flow c) Diffusion
400
Where are baroreceptors located (2 places) and what do they do? The 2 places that baroreceptors are located have nerve signals to the medulla oblongata. Name the 2 nerves involved.
Receptors that monitor blood pressure. Located in 1) wall of aorta and 2) carotid arteries Vagus nerve to aorta Glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid arteries
400
What are the 2 regions of antibodies, and what are the differences? Name the 5 antibody classes and what each is involved in.
Variable Region - same for each B cell and it's daughter cells, recognizes the specific antigen Constant region - determines physical/ reactive characteristics of the antibody IgM - involved in agglutination, your blood type IgG - most abundant, esp. abundant in subsequent exposure to antigen IgE - involved in allergies IgA - involved in milk secretion IgD - receptor on B cell
400
Name the anatomical changes that occur as you progress from the trachea to the bronchioles to the alveoli. There are 4!
1) decrease in cartilage 2) PCC tissue becomes more cuboidal 3) Increase in smooth muscle 4) decrease in mucus secretion
400
What percent of hemoglobin is saturated in the alveoli? What percent of hemoglobin is saturate at the tissues? Is it beneficial for athletes to breathe in oxygen through a respirator mask, why or why not?
alveoli - 100% tissues - 80% No, because the alveoli are already 100% saturated so even if you increase your blood oxygen levels, the hemoglobin is already completely saturated
500
List the 3 layers of the vessel wall and the types of tissues that make up each layer.
1) Tunica interna - simple, squamous endothelium - basement membrane (basal lamina) = connective tissue - internal elastic lamina 2) Tunica Media - smooth muscle, controls vasomotion - external elastic lamina 3) Adventitia (tunica externa) - connective tissue covering - collagen
500
1) What does the adrenal medulla release in response to low BP to increase HR and increase BP? 2) In response to low BP, the kidneys respond. What cells in the kidney first release RENIN and what is the mechanism of renin to raise HR? 3) In response to high BP, the heart releases what peptide - this peptide causes the kidney to secrete water/ salt thus lowering blood volume and lowering BP.
1) epinephrine 2) juxtaglomerular cells release renin. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. angiotensin 2 causes kidney to retain salt and water increasing volume and increasing pressure. 3) ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide
500
1) What 2 cells are involved in the specific defense of the immune system. What is the difference between how these 2 cells target antigens? 2) What are MHC proteins?
1) T cells and B cells. T cells attack with cell-mediated immunity... B cells attack FREE antigens so they go through humoral immunity. 2) MHC proteins are proteins on the body's cells that hold different antigens, and present the antigens to APC so they can be killed. "hotdog bun and hotdog analogy"
500
What are type 1 cells? What ar type 2 cells?
type 1 cells are simple, squamous epithelium in alveoli that make up the thin wall of the respiratory membrane type 2 cells are also cells in the alveoli that secrete surfactant - reduces surface tension so alveoli do not collapse
500
What is the... PO2 and PCO2 in alveoli PO2 and PCO2 in pulmonary veins PO2 and PCO2 in pulmonary arteries PO2 and PCO2 in systemic arteries PO2 and PCO2 in systemic veins
alveoli = 100/ 40 pulmonary veins = 100/ 40 pulmonary arteries = 40/45 systemic arteries = 100/ 40 systemic veins = 40/ 45