Bones and Tissues
What are the paired skull bones? (hint there's 11)
Incisive, nasal, maxillary, ventral nasal concha, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, pterygoid, frontal, temporal, parietal
origin, insertion and action of latissimus dorsi
Origin = non-bony attachment to deep fascia near caudal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae - last few ribs (dog)
insertion = proximomedial humerus
action = draws forelimb caudally, draws trunk cranially, decelerates forelimb protraction during locomotion
origin, insertion and action of superficial pectorals (descending pectoral and transverse pectoral)
Origin - all parts = cranial sternum
insertion - Descending pectoral = cranial humerus mid-shaft
- transverse pectoral = proximocranial humerus, non-bony attachment to antebrachial fascia (cat)
Action - all parts = Adduct forelimb, draw forelimb cranially or caudally
origin, insertion and action of infraspinatus
origin - infraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion - proximolateral humerus
action - extends or flexes shoulder joint, stabilizes shoulder joint
origin, insertion and action of Triceps brachii (long, lateral, accessory, medial)
origin - long = distocaudal scapula
- lateral = proximolateral humerus
- accessory = proximocaudal humerus
- medial = proximomedial humerus
insertion - all parts = olecranon of ulna
action - all parts = flexes shoulder joint, extends elbow joint
What are the unpaired skull bones? (hint there's 6)
vomer, ethmoid, presphenoid, basisphenoid, occipital, interparietal
origin, insertion and action of Trapezius (cervical and thoracic parts)
Origin = continuous non-bony attachment to fibrous connective tissue along dorsal midline of: caudal neck & cranial thorax
Insertion = Scapular spine
Action = elevates thoracic appendage, abducts thoracic appendage, rotates scapula
origin, insertion and action of deep pectoral
Origin = ventral sternum
insertion = proximocranial humerus, proximomedial humerus (dog)
Action = Adducts forelimb, draws forelimb caudally, draws trunk cranially, supports thorax
origin, insertion and action of teres minor
origin - distocaudal scapula
insertion - proximolateral humerus
action - flexes shoulder joint, rotates humerus laterally at shoulder joint
origin, insertion and action of tensor fasciae antebrachii
origin - non-bony attachment to deep fascia covering lateral surface of latissimus dorsi
insertion - olecranon of ulna, non-bony attachment to antebrachial fascia
action - extends elbow joint tenses antebrachial fascia
What are the types of fascia? (hint 2)
Superficial and deep
origin, insertion and action of Omotransversarius
Origin = Distal scapular spine
Insertion = Wing of atlas, basilar part of occipital bone
action = Draws thoracic appendage cranially, draws head and neck laterally
origin, insertion and action of Serratus ventralis (cervicis, thoracis)
Origin - cervicis = transverse processes of caudal cervical vertebrae
- thoracis = cranial ribs
Insertion - all parts = proximocraniomedial scapula
action - all parts = supports thorax, depress thoracic appendage, inspiration
origin, insertion and action of subscapularis
origin - medial surface of scapula
insertion - proximomedial humerus
action - extends shoulder joint, stabilizes shoulder joint, rotates humerus medially at shoulder joint (internal rotation), adducts forelimb
origin, insertion and action of anconeus
origin - distocaudal humerus
insertion - lateral surface of olecranon of ulna
action - extends elbow joint
What are the superficial fascia's definition and functions
also called hypodermis or subcutis (i.e. the deepest layer of skin)
• loose connective tissue beneath the dermis
• comprised of loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers that permit free movement of the skin over underlying structures and enclosed structures relative to each other
• contains adipose tissue
• blends with deep fascia
• cutaneous muscles are found entirely within superficial fascia
origin, insertion and action of Brachiocephalicus (cleidobrachialis, clediocephalicus [cervical and mastoid parts])
Origin = all parts - Clavicle or clavicular intersection
insertion = cleidobrachialis - proximomedial ulna (cat) or distocranial humerus (dog)
Cleidocephalicus - cervical = non-bony attachment to fibrous connective tissue along dorsal midline of cranial neck & nuchal crest of occipital bone (cat)
Cleidocephalicus - mastoid = Mastoid process of temporal bone
action = all parts - Draws forelimb cranially, flexes elbow joint, draws head and neck laterally
origin, insertion and action of deltoideus
Origin - scapular spine, acromion of scapula
Insertion - proximolateral humerus
Action - flexes shoulder joint
origin, insertion and action of teres major
origin - proximocaudal scapula
insertion - proximomedial humerus
action - flexes shoulder joint, rotates humerus medially at shoulder joint
origin, insertion and action of brachialis
origin - proximocaudolateral humerus
insertion - proximolateral (cat) or proximomedial (dog) ulna, proximomedial radius (dog)
action - flexes elbow joint
What is the deep fascia's definition and function
dense connective tissue deep to and blending with superficial fascia
• blends with dense connective tissue ensheathing muscle (i.e. epimysium) and attaches muscles to bone in the absence of a tendon or aponeurosis
• surrounds individual muscles and groups of muscles separating them into fascial compartments
• potential spaces between deep fascia of adjacent muscles are called fascial planes
• note that fascial planes are difficult to appreciate in fixed specimens
• a localized thickening of deep fascia to form a band that functions to hold tendons in place is called a retinaculum
origin, insertion and action of Rhomboideus (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
Origin = capitis - nuchal crest of occipital bone
= cervicis - non-bony attachment to fibrous connective tissue along dorsal midline of neck
= thoracis - spinous processes of cranial thoracic vertebrae
Insertion = all parts - dorsal scapula, scapular cartilage
Action = all parts - Elevate thoracic appendage, draw scapular against thorax
origin, insertion and action of supraspinatus
Origin - supraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion - proximocranial humerus
Action - extends shoulder joint, stabilizes shoulder joint
origin, insertion and action of coracobrachialis
origin - distocraniomedial scapula
insertion - proximomedial humerus
action - extends shoulder joint, stabilizes shoulder joint, adducts forelimb
origin, insertion and action of biceps brachii
origin - distocranial scapula
insertion - proximomedial radius, proximomedial ulna (dog)
action - extends shoulder joint, stabilizes shoulder joint, flexes elbow joint