Biomechanics
Describe the biomechanical principle of summation of momentum.
Summation of momentum is the correct timing and sequencing of the body to produce a coordinated movement response.
What is the difference between physiological and psychological.
Physiological refers to physical and biological processes of the body whereas psychological refers to mind, thoughts and emotions.
What is the purpose of undertaking an activity analysis?
Determine the physical requirements of the sport, to assist in establishing a training program.
Name the three energy systems and two characteristics of each.
ATP-CP System - most rapid rate, smallest yield, fuel - CP, fatigue mechanism - CP depletion
Anaerobic glycolysis - rapid rate, small yield, fuel - CHO, fatigue mechanism - accumulation of metabolic by-products.
Aerobic system - slow rate, large yield, fuel - CHO, fats (protein in extreme circumstance eg. starvation), fatigue mechanism - thermoregulatory fatigue, glycogen depletion.
Name and state Newton's 3 Laws of Motion
Newton's 1st Law of Inertia
Newton's 2nd Law of Acceleration
Newton's 3rd Law of Action/Reaction
List two acute responses of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system and muscular system to exercise.
Respiratory: increased TV, increased RR, increased ventilation, increased pulmonary diffusion Cardiovascular: increased HR, SV, Q, increased systolic blood pressure, redistribution of blood flow, increased a-VO2diff Muscular: increased muscle recruitment, increased fuel metabolism, increased production of metabolic by-products, increased O2 consumption, increased muscle temperature
Which two energy systems relate to local muscular endurance?
Anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic energy systems.
What is meant by energy system interplay?
All energy systems work together at the same time to produce energy however their contribution varies depending on the intensity and duration of the activity.
Explain how an athlete can effectively apply the principle of impulse to effectively throw a shot put and include the benefit this would have to performance.
A shot putter can apply impulse (momentum making) by adding a spin to their technique. This will increase the time over which the athlete applies force to the shot put increasing momentum and therefore the distance the shot put travels.
How long can each energy system last during continuous exercise?
ATP-CP: 6–10 seconds; lactic acid: 30–60 seconds; aerobic: unlimited.
Explain why the Yo-yo test would be selected over Cooper’s 12-minute run test for an elite hockey team.
The Yo-Yo test is intermittent like hockey and has different intensities like hockey.
When discussing energy system interplay, intensity determines ..... of ATP production and duration determines..... of ATP production.
Intensity - rate
Duration - yield
A projectile is impacted by air resistance and gravity. What three variables can be manipulated by the athlete to maximise projectile motion when throwing a javelin.
Angle of release
Speed of release
Height of release
Explain two types of recovery techniques.
Any of these answers: active recovery, passive recovery, nutrition - CHO & protein, rest and sleep, massage, psychological strategies.
If training for a 5 kilometre fun run, what is the recommended training intensity
Inside the aerobic training zone = 70 to 85 per cent of your heart rate max.
Explain the energy system interplay for shot put.
The main contributor is the ATP-CP system as shot put requires a very rapid rate of ATP due to the maximal effort to throw the shot put as far as possible. Both the aerobic system and the anaerobic glycolysis system will contribute, but minimally due to the short duration of the event. The throw would be over before they would be able to contribute significantly.
Using a sporting example of your choice, explain the biomechanical principle - conservation of angular momentum. Include the formula in your discussion.
Conservation of angular momentum states that the momentum of a rotating object that is airborne will remain constant until acted up by a force. Momentum is not lost. The formula is angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity. Knowledge of this principle is useful for gymnasts and divers who perform somersaults and twists. By adjusting moment of inertia, by changing the body position, angular velocity will also change. Angular momentum however stays the same. For example, tucking the body will decrease moment of inertia which in turn will increase angular velocity allowing the gymnast to spin more quickly and complete more rotations.
Oxygen deficit - when oxygen supply during exercise does not meet demand; intensity has increased and body is still adjusting and therefore increases anaerobic energy production.
Steady state - oxygen supply to the muscles meets their demand for energy production; athlete is working aerobically.
EPOC - excess post exercise oxygen consumption; oxygen levels remain elevated to meet the needs for recovery (eg.CP replenishment, lactate removal)
Explain three aspects of a training program that could be adjusted over time to apply progressive overload.
Any of these answers: duration of training session, frequency of training sessions (for example, from three to four per week), intensity of exercise (for example, from low to medium intensity for continuous run), increased distance run in total or within sets, decreased recovery time between sets or reps, increased resistance in a weight-training program, increased number of sets or reps.
Explain how energy system contribution would vary between a game of basketball and a marathon.
Basketball - mainly aerobic but contribution from the
ATP-CP system at the start of the match, and contribution from the anaerobic glycolysis system during high intensity efforts such as sprinting down the court, performing a drive to the basket, etc.
Marathon - aerobic with minimal contribution from the ATP-CP system at the start, and an increased contribution from the anaerobic glycolysis system during surges, hills and the sprint to the finish line.