Classical Conditioning
What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?
Food
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
Who proposed the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura
What is sensory memory?
Brief storage of sensory information in its original sensory form
What type of conditioning is most closely related to Skinner's Box?
Operant conditioning
What is the example of a conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?
Salivating at the sound of a bell
Reinforcing behaviours are likely to ________ ___ _________ of a behaviour reoccurring.
Increase the likelyhood
What a model in observational learning?
A person showing behaviour to be imitated
What is the average capacity of short-term memory?
What is the law of effect?
Behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
What is the process of extinction in classical conditioning?
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement removes a negative stimulus, punishment gives a negative stimulus.
You are learning how to ride a bike by watching someone else ride. If you are given a bike without a chain, what part of observational learning will you be unable to complete?
Reproduction (You don't have the physical capacity to reproduce the behaviour.)
What is long-term memory?
Relatively permanent storage of an unlimited amount of information
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
Implicit memory is unconscious and automatic, while explicit memory involves conscious recollection of information
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement involves adding a desirable stimulus, while negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus. (both to increase the likelihood of a behaviour)
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning through observing others being reinforced for a behavior
What is the primacy effect in memory?
Tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list due to rehearsal and transfer into long-term memory
What is the role of rehearsal in memory?
Repetition of information, which enhances encoding and transfer into long-term memory
What was the Unconditioned Stimulus in the Little Albert experiment?
A sudden loud noise
Who developed the concept of operant conditioning (and the skinner box)
B.F. Skinner
What are some factors that influence the effectiveness of observational learning?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement
What is the recency effect in memory?
Tendency to remember items at the end of a list due to their presence in short-term memory
What is state-dependent memory?
Memory retrieval is more efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed