Research Methods
A testable prediction of the relationship between the IV and DV.
What is Hypothesis?
A division of the nervous system, comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
What is central nervous system?
stress experienced as a positive psychological state
eustress
A substance sent into the bloodstream to carry information
What is classical conditioning?
A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons and memory capabilities
What is Alzheimer's disease?
A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain
A feeling of unease, apprehension and worry
What is anxiety?
Dominic is a researcher who hypothesised that listening to music while studying would divide student’s attention, and therefore result in poorer academic performance than those who did not listen to music.
What is the DV?
What is measure of student academic performance?
An involuntary, immediate response to sensory stimuli that occurs at the spinal cord
Spinal reflex
stress that results from the pressures and demands of adjusting to a new culture
acculturative stress
the long-lasting strengthening of connections between neurons
What is LTP?
Raw information being processed into a useable form for storage
What is encoding?
A newborn infant sleeps for around ___________ a day
What is 16 hours?
Factors in someone’s life that makes them more likely to develop a mental health disorder in the future
What is predisposing?
A type of study that is conducted over an extended period of time, wherein the same participants are followed up periodically throughout the length of the study ___________
a neurotransmitter that typically produces an inhibitory effect
What is GABA?
A quick and intense response to a threat, resulting in confronting it, escaping it, or being still in the face of it
What is fight-flight-freeze response?
The individual whose behaviour is watched by the learner __________
What is model?
A type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information
What is echoic?
A sleep disorder which interferes with the normal regulation of the circadian rhythm of sleep, leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle
What is circadian phase disorder?
Factors in someone’s life that prevent them from being able to recover from a mental health disorder
An experimental design in which participants are split by random allocation into two groups: one that is exposed to the IV, and one that is not ___________
What is independent groups?
Neurons that communicate neural impulses between neurons
What is interneurons?
A model of stress which tracks how an organism physiologically responds to a stressor over time
What is the GAS model?
A substance sent into the bloodstream to carry information
What is neurohormone?
Retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt
What is cued recall?
A type of task that requires high levels of mental processing
What is controlled processes?
Stimuli or events that make someone more likely to develop a mental health disorder and directly lead to its occurrence
What is precipitating?
occurring in repeated-measures experimental designs, this confounding variable is due to the order in which participants partake in the experimental and control conditions
What is order effects?
a branch of the ANS responsible for activating the body’s visceral organs, muscles, and glands for increased activity or when under threat
What is sympathetic nervous system?
A stage of responding to a stressor that occurs when the body’s energy is depleted and it can no longer maintain high levels of arousal
A natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
What is UCR?
Enhanced recall of information presented first within a list
What is primary effect?
The ________ proposes that sleep has an adaptive quality and that humans have evolved to sleep at particular times in order to enhance our survival.
What is evolutionary theory?
The inconsistent behaviour displayed by an infant towards their main caregiver when they are not provided with consistent and adequate support
What is disorganised attachment?
Participants understand the nature of the research, including any potential benefits and risks, before agreeing to participate
What is informed consent?
a neuron that transmits information to the following neuron
pre-synaptic neuron
A hormone which energises the body when under stress
What is cortisol?
the ability for the brain to alter its structures in response to experiences
What is neural plasticity?
Repeating information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer information to long-term memory
What is maintenance rehearsal?
When an individual does not sleep during a 24 hour period
What is total sleep deprivation?
The ability to effectively respond to and overcome stressors and adversity
What is resilience?
the extent to which the investigation measures what it intends to measure
What is validity?
the branch of the PNS responsible for connecting the CNS and the body’s visceral (non-skeletal) organs, muscles and glands like the heart and liver
What autonomic nervous system?
A kind of coping with stress that involves minimising its effects indirectly, without confronting the actual stressor or its source
What is avoidance coping?
When the conditioned stimulus no longer produces the conditioned response
What is Extinction?
Identifying information from memory within a group of item
What is recognition?
A type of sleep where the sleeper experiences rapid eye movement beneath closed eyelids
Any factor that decreases the likelihood of someone developing a mental health disorder for the first time, or again, after previously having a mental health disorder
___________ was not given by Little Albert’s mother, as she did not know the nature or details of the experiment.
A process in which a neuron sends a neural message into the synapse
A stimulus (internal or external) that prompts the stress respons
What is a stressor?
A type of consequence that involves taking away a stimulus to encourage a behaviour to occur again
What is negative reinforcement?
The process of accessing information which has been previously stored
What is retrieval?
A type of ASC that occurs with purposeful intervention or aid
What is induced ASC?
A psychological and physiological process that occurs when an individual feels as though an event exceeds their capacity to cope
___________ was not observed, because the benefits of the experiment did not outweigh the harm caused to the participant.
What is beneficence?
a mechanism by which specific neurotransmitters communicate with their corresponding receptor sites
What is lock and key process?
The process of evaluating the resources available and required in order to cope with a stressor
What is secondary appraisal?
The process in which an organism only demonstrates a certain response or behaviour to the stimulus it was first acquired in response to
What is Stimulus Discrimination?
Questions that contain misleading information or are phrased in such a way that suggests the desired response
What is leading questions?
Sleep disorders characterised by consistent problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or timing sleep
What is dyssomnia?
When an individual does not believe in their ability to complete tasks and meet goals
What is self-efficacy?
how likely it is that the same results would be obtained by another researcher
What is reliability?
The substance which protects the axon of a neuron and insulates neural messages
What is myelin sheath?
An individual’s ability to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique and changing demands of a stressor
What is coping flexibility?
The type of learning involved in classical conditioning
What is passive and involuntary?
A condition where new explicit memories cannot be consolidated after damage is sustained to the hippocampus
What is anterograde?
Medium sized brain waves with low-medium frequency and medium-high amplitude, indicating low levels of alertness
What is Theta waves?
A method used to gradually present a person with their phobia with the use of relaxation techniques.