Research Methods
A testable prediction of the relationship between the IV and DV.
Hypothesis
A division of the nervous system, comprised of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
stress experienced as a positive psychological state
eustress
the long-lasting strengthening of connections between neurons
Long Term Potentiation
A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons and memory capabilities
What is Alzheimer's disease?
A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain
EEG
A feeling of unease, apprehension and worry
Anxiety
Dominic is a researcher who hypothesised that listening to music while studying would divide student’s attention, and therefore result in poorer academic performance than those who did not listen to music.
What is the DV?
Student academic performance
Branching fibres of a neuron that conduct electrical signals
Dendrites
stress that results from the pressures and demands of adjusting to a new culture
acculturative stress
The individual whose behaviour is observed by the learner ?
Model
Raw information being processed into a useable form for storage
Encoding
A newborn infant sleeps for around ___________ a day
15-16 hours
Factors in someone’s life that makes them more likely to develop a mental health disorder in the future
Predisposing
Participants understand the nature of the research, including any potential benefits and risks, before agreeing to participate
Informed consent
An involuntary, immediate response to sensory stimuli that occurs at the spinal cord
Spinal reflex
A quick and intense response to a threat, resulting in confronting it, escaping it, or being still in the face of it
fight-flight-freeze response
Neural plasticity
A type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information
Echoic
A category of sleep disorder which interferes with the normal regulation of the circadian rhythm of sleep, leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle
Circadian phase disorder
Factors in someone’s life that prevent them from being able to recover from a mental health disorder
Perpetuating
An experimental design in which participants are split by random allocation into two groups: one that is exposed to the IV, and one that is not ___________
Independent groups
Main neurotransmitter that typically produces an inhibitory effect
GABA
A model of stress which tracks how an organism physiologically responds to a stressor over time
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model
A natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
UCR
Retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt
Cued recall
A type of task that requires high levels of mental processing
Controlled processes
Stimuli or events that make someone more likely to develop a mental health disorder and directly lead to its occurrence
Precipitating
Occurring in repeated-measures experimental designs, this confounding variable is due to the order in which participants partake in the experimental and control conditions
Order effects
The substance which protects the axon of a neuron and insulates neural messages
myelin sheath
A stage of responding to a stressor that occurs when the body’s energy is depleted and it can no longer maintain high levels of arousal
exhaustion
When the conditioned stimulus no longer produces the conditioned response
Extinction
Enhanced recall of information presented first within a list
Primacy effect
The ________ proposes that sleep has an adaptive quality and that humans have evolved to sleep at particular times in order to enhance our survival.
Evolutionary theory
The inconsistent behaviour displayed by an infant towards their main caregiver when they are not provided with consistent and adequate support
Disorganised attachment
___________ was not given by Little Albert’s mother, as she did not know the nature or details of the experiment.
Informed consent
a neuron that transmits information to the following neuron
pre-synaptic neuron
A hormone which releases glucose to energise the body when under stress
cortisol
A type of consequence that involves taking away a stimulus to encourage a behaviour to occur again
Negative reinforcement
Repeating information over and over again to enhance the duration of short-term memory and attempt to transfer information to long-term memory
Maintenance rehearsal
When an individual does not sleep during a 24 hour period
Total sleep deprivation
The ability to effectively respond to and overcome stressors and adversity
Resilience
An extraneous variable of Independent Groups experimental design
Participant differences
a branch of the ANS responsible for activating the body’s visceral organs, muscles, and glands for increased activity or when under threat
sympathetic nervous system
A kind of coping with stress that involves minimising its effects indirectly, without confronting the actual stressor or its source
Avoidance coping
The process in which an organism only demonstrates a certain response or behaviour to the stimulus it was first acquired in response to
Stimulus Discrimination
Identifying information from memory within a group of items
Recognition
A type of sleep where the sleeper experiences rapid eye movement beneath closed eyelids
REM sleep
Any factor that decreases the likelihood of someone developing a mental health disorder for the first time, or again, after previously having a mental health disorder
Protective
the extent to which the investigation measures what it intends to measure
validity
the branch of the PNS responsible for connecting the CNS and the body’s visceral (non-skeletal) organs, muscles and glands like the heart and liver
autonomic nervous system
A stimulus (internal or external) that prompts the stress respons
Stressor
A substance sent into the bloodstream to carry information
Neurohormone
The process of accessing information which has been previously stored
Retrieval
A type of ASC that occurs with purposeful intervention or aid
Induced ASC
A psychological and physiological process that occurs when an individual feels as though an event exceeds their capacity to cope
Stress
how likely it is that the same results would be obtained by another researcher, or repeated experiment
Reliability
a mechanism by which specific neurotransmitters communicate with their corresponding receptor sites
lock and key process
The process of evaluating the resources available and required in order to cope with a stressor
Secondary appraisal
The type of learning involved in classical conditioning
Unconscious / involuntary
Questions that contain misleading information or are phrased in such a way that suggests the desired response
Leading questions
Type of Sleep Disorders characterised by consistent problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or timing sleep
Dyssomnia
A method used to gradually present a person with their phobic stimulus in conjunction with the use of relaxation techniques.
Systematic Densitisation
A type of study that is conducted over an extended period of time, wherein the same participants are followed up periodically throughout the length of the study ___________
Longitudinal study
Neurons that communicate neural impulses between other neurons
interneurons
An individual who can adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique and changing demands of a stressor is demonstrating ______ _______.
Coping flexibility
In Operant Conditioning the learner is __________, and the behaviour is ___________.
Active, Voluntary
A condition where new explicit memories cannot be consolidated after damage is sustained to the hippocampus
Anterograde amnesia
Brain waves with low frequency and high amplitude, indicating stage 4 sleep
Delta waves
When an individual believes in their ability to complete tasks and meet goals
Self-efficacy