Mand
What is the reinforcement for a mand?
The specific item or action requested (asking for water → getting water).
A child says “ouch” after touching a hot surface. Is this a tact?
No, it’s a mand controlled by pain (private event).
What is echoic behavior?
Repeating what someone else says.
What is an intraverbal?
What is a type of verbal behavior where a person responds with language to other language, but the response does not directly match (or “echo”) what was heard?
What is listener responding?
Following directions or responding to spoken language.
What environmental variable must be present for a mand to occur?
What is a motivating operation (MO)?
What reinforces a tact?
Social reinforcement or praise (e.g., “Yes, that’s right!”)
What makes something an echoic response?
It has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity.
Is an intraverbal controlled by verbal or non-verbal stimuli?
Verbal stimuli.
True or False: Listener responding requires the learner to speak.
False
What might happen if a mand is not reinforced consistently?
The behavior may decrease or stop altogether.
Fill in the blank: A tact is controlled by a __________ stimulus.
Non-verbal
A teacher says “ma,” and the student says “ba.” Is this an echoic?
No, it’s not an exact match.
Give an example of a fill-in-the-blank intraverbal.
ex: "The wheels on the bus go ___.”
What type of listener responding is this an example of?
First, pick up the red block, then touch the green block.
What is “follow a two-step direction with colors”?
True or False: Mands require a specific motivating operation
True
How does generalization relate to tacting?
A child who learns to tact “cat” should also say “cat” when seeing different types of cats.
True or false you don't need point to point correspondence for echoics.
False
Name one strategy to teach intraverbals.
Use songs, fill-ins, or question-answer pairs with lots of repetition.
“If you see a picture of an animal, put it in the blue bin; if it’s a food, put it in the red bin."
Is this an example of DTT (sorting task), or Listener responding?
what is both
This is an example of a sorting task which is listener responding.
Why is mand training typically taught first in language programs?
Because it is directly tied to the learner’s motivation and has natural reinforcement.
What’s the difference between a prompted tact and a pure tact?
prompted tact is cued by a teacher or therapist; a pure tact is spontaneous.
What is the importance of echoic behavior in language development?
It helps learners imitate and acquire new words
What’s the difference between an intraverbal and an echoic?
An echoic involves repeating exactly what was heard; an intraverbal is a related but different response.
What are the different types of listener responding?
following directions, marching, sorting, receptive identification, ECT...