Fiber Optics
Most terrestrial vertebrates' muscles contain a “mosaic” of these 3 different fiber types.
Type I: Slow oxidative fibers (SO)
Type IIa : Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG)
Type IIb : Fast glycolytic (FG)
STRENGTH TRAINING increases muscle size by stimulating muscle fiber mitosis
Not to be (false)
Increased cell diameter, not cell division
This is not a factor for Aestivating frogs because they experience little modulation of oxidative stress, no increase in lipid metabolism and spontaneous release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions.
Muscle Atrophy
The hummingbirds lack of this fiber may reflect the reduced role of the hindlimb during take take-off.
Fast Glycolytic (FG)
An outcome of dietary protein overload from muscle growth supplements.
Kidney failure
(Ketosis leading to metabolic acidosis)
Identifiable by a shift in fiber type composition, protein channel breakdown in cells and decrease in muscle cells.
Disuse Atrophy
Each fibers capacity for this affects the animals resistance to fatigue.
Aerobic versus Anaerobic respiration
Excessive quantities of _____ _____ in muscle growth supplements can lead to metabolic interactions without any increase in muscle mass.
Amino Acids
1-2%
Penguins high concentration of Fast Glycolytic muscles in their wings is why they are often seen doing this. Even though their FG wings contract more quickly and produce more force
Standing around on rocks.
(FG concentration in wings causes them to fatigue more quickly)
This type of training, often encouraged as people age, stimulates fiber enlargement (thickening) due to synthesis of more more myofilaments.
Strength / Resistance Training
Causes of skeletal muscle atrophy other than aging.
Microgravity, inactivity or starvation
Type IIa : Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
This fiber type is increased through endurance training stimulations.
TYPE IIa FOG
Bats use these proteins to retain muscle properties during hibernation.
Heat Shock Proteins (HSP)