Organelles š©»
Which double-membrane organelle communicates with the ER via mitofusin proteins that allows transfer of Ca2+ and with the nucleus via nuclear-encoded proteins to produce more chaperone and protease genes in response to build up of misfolded proteins.
The mitochondria
This type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes (___), while ___ brings amino acids and ____ forms part of the ribosomeās catalytic core. ___ is coding, while ___ and ___ are non coding RNA.
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
These four types of signaling differ in range: one acts on the same cell, another on nearby cells, another requires direct contact, and the last uses hormones via the bloodstream. Name all four.
autocrine, paracrine, juxtacrine, and endocrine signaling
This dye-based technique divides bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall structure.
Gram staining
5% (solid) = __ g per 100 g = __ mg/g
3% (liquid) = 3 ml per __ mL = 30 mg/mL
0.5% (in water) ā 0.5 __ /100 __
5g, 50 mg/g
100ml
g, mL
This ER subtype is studded with ________, where ______ synthesis takes place, while its smooth counterpart synthesizes ______ and stores ___; both feed into the Golgi apparatus for protein and lipid _______ and _______ to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, or secretory vesicles.
ribosomes
protein
lipids/steroids
Ca2+
modification
delivery
During transcription, RNA polymerase initiates at the ______, elongates an RNA transcript, and stops at the ______.
promoter
termination sequence
This cycle is called the āhub of metabolismā because carbohydrates, fats, and proteins all feed into it, and its intermediates supply precursors for other pathways and processes.
The Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
This term refers to the collection of microorganisms living in and on your body.
Microbiome
If a drug is dosed at 5 mg/kg for a 20 kg dog, what is the total dose in mg.
100 mg
Describe the protein composition and primary cellular functions of these 3 cytoskeleton filaments
Actin Filaments: actin monomer, flexible 2-stranded rods, used for contraction, attachment to extracellular matrix via integrins, and locomotion
Intermediate Filaments: cell-specific proteins except the lamins in nuclei, rope-like filaments, functions in mechanical support (scaffolding), nuclear structure (envelope support, positioning of nuclear pores)
Microtubules: heterodimers of a- and b-tubulin, rigid hollow rods arising from the centrosome, functions in organelle movement, mitosis (formation and function of mitotic spindle to separate chromosomes)
Acetylation of histones _____ chromatin allowing gene expression, while _____ silences genes by tightening chromatin structure.
opens
DNA methylation
A double-membrane organelle continuous with the ___, the nucleus houses most of the cellās ___. Its envelope is reinforced by a lamina scaffold, which organizes nuclear _____. These regulate macromolecule transport using signal sequences and carrier proteins. _____ and _____ of nuclear proteins requires internal signal sequences and external carrier proteins.
Nucleus:
ER
DNA
Pores
Import
Export
Bacteria that can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation depending on oxygen availability are called this.
Facultative anaerobes
The vet prescribes 15 mg of prednisone every other day for 10 days. The tablets on hand are 10 mg. Please also note the tablets have a score or line in the middle to split them accurately. How many tablets will be administered? How many tablets will be dispensed?
Administered: 1.5 tablets
Dispensed: 1.5 tablets x 5 = 7.5 tablets. Dispense 8 tablets.
This dynamic, double-membrane organelle has an impermeable inner membrane, circular DNA encoding ___ genes (including ETC proteins), and imports over ___% of its proteins via the TOM and TIM complex. It generates ATP through ___________ and regulates ___ and ___ homeostasis.
Mitochondria
37 genes
99%
oxidative phosphorylation
calcium
iron
This type of cell-surface receptor dimerizes upon ligand binding, activates Ras, and triggers MAP kinase signaling.
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
In eukaryotic cells, transcription and RNA processing occurs in the ______, begins with promoter binding by ___________, includes elongation and ________, and is followed by _____ removal and export of mature _____ to the _____ for translation.
Nucleus
RNA polymerase
Termination
Intron
mRNA
Cytosol
These single-celled eukaryotic organisms include ciliates, flagellates, amoebae, and apicomplexans.
Protozoa
The drip rate in drops per minute can be divided by 60 to determine the rate in drops per second ā a number that is easier to work with when one is actually adjusting the flow. Give 480 ml of LRS to a dog over a 4-hour period using a standard 15 gtt/ml administration set. What is the drip rate in drops per second?
480 ml/4 hours = 2 ml/min
15 gtt/ml x 2 ml/min = 30 gtt/min
30 gtt/min/60sec = 1 ggt/2 seconds.
Giving one drop every 2 seconds will deliver 30 drops per minute.
These molecules are composed of nitrogenous bases (_,_,_,_/_), sugars, and phosphates, are _______ charged, and are packaged around _______ charged histones. During __-phase, they replicate ____-conservatively using _____, primase, DNA polymerase, RNase, and _____; replication involves unwinding, RNA primers, continuous and discontinuous synthesis, and ligation of _______ fragments.
Nucleic Acids
A, C, G, T/U
negatively
positively
S
semi-
helicase
ligase
Okazaki
This metabolic cycle connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, generating NADH and _____ for oxidative __________.
FADH2
phosphorylation
These four different classes of receptors ā one coupled to G-proteins, intrinsic kinase activity: e.g., growth factor receptors or associated kinase activity: e.g., cytokine receptors, one that opens channels, and one located inside cells and primarily involves kinases and G-proteinsādrive pathways like Gs/Gi/Gq signaling and MAPK pathway. Name all four.
G-proteinācoupled receptors
Enzyme-coupled receptors
Ion channels
Intracellular receptors
This is considered the most common flagellate parasite of humans and animals. They are single celled with one of more whip-like appendages called ______.
Two Stages:
Trophozoites - are shaped like a tear drop with a suction cup to adhere to intestinal epithelium
____ ā Tough oval form containing two trophozoites that goes into environment
Location - Colonizes ______ in host
Transmission:
Fecal - ____ transmission
Frequently found in _____
Clinical signs:
- Maldigestion
- Malabsorption
- Pipestream _____
Giardia
Flagella
Cyst
Duodenum
Oral
Water
Diarrhea
How many mL of a 50 % dextrose solution will you need to make a 5 % dextrose solution in a liter
bag of LRS?
50% = 50 g/100 ml = 50,000 mg/100 ml = 500 mg/ml ā that is the stock solution of dextrose
Need a final concentration of 5% = 50 mg/ml in 1 L
We need to create a new solution where V = volume; C = concentration
V1 x 50 % = 1000 mL x 5 %
V1 = 1000 ml x 5 % / 50 %
V1 = 100 mL of 50 % dextrose required
NOTE: 100 ml of LRS must be removed from the bag prior to adding the 100 mL of 50 % dextrose
in order for this equation to be correct. In other words, add 100 ml of 50% dextrose solution and
q.s. with LRS to 1 L.