Show:
A Global World
Language and Culture
The Art of Translanguaging
Cummins on Language Learning
ELL Teaching Models
100
The people speaking a language and the context it is being used in are crucial when defining a language.
Which two factors do linguists cite as crucial to defining a language?
100
Cultural capital refers an understanding of things are done in the dominant culture.
What does the term cultural capital mean?
100
According to Garcia, translanguaging he describes the process of bilingual or multilingual students switching back and forth between different languages.
What does Garcia mean when he speaks of translanguaging?
100
First, second language instruction should be give in target language only. Second, there should be no translation in the classroom. Third, in a bilingual classroom, the two languages should be kept strictly separated.
What are the three misconceptions Cummins list in regards to teaching ELLs?
100
In an English immersion program, ELLs are taught alongside their mainstream peers. No special services or resources are allocated for them.
What is an English immersion program?
200
Transnationalism describes the process of migrants moving back and forth between countries.
What is transnationalism?
200
Linguistic capital is associated with proficiency in the dominant language and also comes with prestige.
What does the term linguistic capital mean?
200
Linguists use the expression code switching synonymously for translanguaging.
What is another term for translanguaging?
200
According to Cummins, being allowed and encouraged to utilize both, their L1 and L2 aids ELLs in developing "identities of competence" while acquiring L2 proficiency.
Why does Cummins promote first language inclusion when teaching ELLs
200
In a structured English immersion program ELLs are taught exclusively in the target language. Their teachers have been trained to make lessons comprehensible.
What is a structured English immersion program?
300
A language shift indicates that the forms and applications of minoritized languages change until they cease to exist as their speakers shift to using the dominant language
What factors constitute a language shift?
300
The dominant language is associated with prestige and power, which in return devalues the minority language and its culture
What is the relationship between dominant and minority language?
300
Sometimes code switching as one language allows more precise expression of a specific content. Other times code switching represents social solidarity, raised perceived status, or creates group identity. On the flip side it can also be used to intentionally exclude people. (Grosjean)
Why do speakers of more than one language code switch?
300
Based on Cummins' Interdependence Hypothesis, instruction given in L1 will increase knowledge in that language. Knowledge transfer to L2 will occur as long as the student is adequately exposed to L2 in the process and is motivated to learn.
What is the gist of Cummins' Interdependence Hypothesis
300
As the word pullout suggests, ELLs are pulled out of their mainstream classroom to receive ESL services. The focus is on basic vocabulary and grammar. ESL support is provided in the target language.
What is ESL pullout traditional instruction?
400
Our language represents our cultural identity, our belief system, the way we view the world. It also holds our s to history and contributes to our knowledge as a people.
How do you define language from a holistic perspective?
400
According to Skutnabb-Kangas, a dominant language like English acts as a "killer language" for a minority language or an ELL's first language if we as a society do not place any value o the latter.
What does Skutnabb-Kangas mean when he speaks of a "killer language"?
400
Code switching is a language tool used by people competent in more than one language. Instead is being a random mixture of two languages, "code switching follows strict constraints" in regards to pronunciation and intonation.
What did Grosjean discover about the phonology of code switching?
400
In Cummins' view, ELLs possess a common proficiency that forms the foundation for their languages. This common underlying proficiency consists of cognitive and linguistic abilities as well as specific conceptual and linguistic knowledge created by prior experience and learning.
What does Cummins mean when he talks about common underlying proficiency?
400
In early exit programs ELLs are taught some content in their L1 for two to three years. After than instruction is transitioned to English only. In late exit programs ELLs are taught content in both L1 and L2 for four to six years.
What is the idea behind an early and late exit program?
500
Language carriers our cultural identity and contributes to the diversity of our society. It also holds the key to our past.
Why is language diversity important?
500
English is considered as the global language, with over 80% of content in the World Wide Web being stored in English, and tens of millions of elementary and secondary level students learning English worldwide.
Which is the world's domineering global language?
500
Translanguaging is often accused of threatening or destroying the purity of a language, thus promoting a spoken hodge-podge of two languages.
What is a common misconception about translanguaging?
500
Cummins' Dual Iceberg Model conceptualized his theory of common underlying proficiency (CUP). Two icebergs overlap underwater. The overlapping area makes up the CUP. Analogous to a real iceberg, crucial parts of what happens with language acquisition is hidden under the surface. What we can actually see is surface proficiency.
What is Cummins' Dual Iceberg Model?
500
ELLs and native speakers are taught content in English and the L1 of the ELLs alike. Usually native speakers and ELLs achieve biliteracy, and there is indication that bilingual dual-language education is the most promising approach for helping ELLs obtain second language proficiency.
What does bilingual dual-language education look like?