Anatomy
What are the names of the two vessels that provide the liver with its unique dual blood supply?
The hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper
During the fasted state, the liver maintains blood glucose levels through which metabolic process that creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?
Gluconeogenesis
Which two types of viral hepatitis are primarily transmitted via the faecal-oral route?
Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E
Vincent presented with a yellow discolouration of his skin and sclerae; what is the clinical term for this sign?
Jaundice (or icterus)
In public health, what specific term refers to the number of new cases of a disease, such as Hepatitis A, occurring in a population over a specific period of time?
Incidence
Referred pain from gallbladder disease is often felt in the right shoulder because somatic afferent pain fibers run in which specific nerve?
Right phrenic nerve
What is the name of the biochemical process used by the liver to convert toxic ammonia into a form suitable for renal excretion?
Urea cycle
What term describes the stage of infection where the virus is released into the blood from the initial site of entry?
Viremia
Based on Vincent's positive anti-HAV IgM serology and his clinical symptoms, what was his final diagnosis?
Acute Hepatitis A infection
What epidemiological term describes a disease that occurs regularly in a population at a more or less constant level?
Endemic disease
What is the name of the line that marks the division between the true functionally independent right and left lobes of the liver?
Cholecystovenacaval line (Cantlie's line)
During the breakdown of heme, which yellow pigment is first produced and must be transported to the liver bound to albumin because it is insoluble in water?
Unconjugated bilirubin (or indirect bilirubin)
While most hepatitis viruses have RNA genomes, which specific virus is classified as an enveloped, double-shelled, dsDNA virus?
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Vincent’s LFTs showed a "hepatocellular pattern" of injury; name the two specific enzymes that were most significantly elevated in his blood
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) and AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
Screening at-risk populations for asymptomatic chronic infection to detect the disease early is an example of which level of prevention?
Secondary prevention
Visceral pain from the gallbladder is carried by which specific nerve and associated with which spinal levels?
Greater splanchnic nerve (GSN) and spinal levels T5 to T9
According to the zonal anatomy of a liver lobule, which zone of cells is most active in gluconeogenesis?
Periportal cells (zone 1)
What are the specialized liver-resident macrophages located within the sinusoids?
Kupffer cells
The accumulation of which toxic substance in the bloodstream is the primary cause of hepatic encephalopathy?
Ammonia
To meet the modern diagnostic criteria for a "Classic Fever of Unknown Origin" (FUO), the patient must have a fever of ≥38.3°C on several occasions lasting for at least what duration?
3 weeks
What are the borders and contents of Calot's triangle?
Inferolateral border: cystic duct
Medial border: common hepatic duct
Superior border: inferior surface of liver
Contents: cystic artery
What are the names of the two primary bile acids synthesized by hepatocytes, and what is the precursor molecule from which they are derived?
The two primary bile acids are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid; they are synthesized from cholesterol
Under the Baltimore Classification system, Hepatitis C is classified into which specific family and genome type?
Family: Flavivirus
Genome: ss+RNA (single-stranded positive-sense RNA)
Vincent's serology showed he was HBsAg negative and anti-HBc negative, but anti-HBs positive. What does this specific pattern indicate about his status regarding Hepatitis B?
He is immune due to vaccination (not a past natural infection)
To measure the global burden of a disease like Hepatitis B, public health officials use this metric, which is calculated as the sum of "Years of Life Lost" (YLL) and "Years Lived with Disability" (YLD)
DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year)