Viruses
Infectious, obligate intracellular parasite
Virus
most common gene regulator, stops mRNA
Transcriptional control
define wild type
a microorganism that exhibits a natural, nonmutated characteristic
immune system evaluates cells by examining molecules or cell surfaces called...
antigens
DNA replication is...
Semiconservative
spikes usually used for attachment, determine HOST RANGE AND TROPISM of the virus
Viral glycoproteins
less common, codon/RNA usage, mRNA stability
Translational control
shows variance in one or more:
morpholoogy, genetic mechanisms, etc..
Mutant strain
provides a route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
lymphatic system
5'-3' on one end
3'-5' on the other end
bidirectional
the cell may or may not be able to support viral replication
susceptible
Define post-translational control
modifies proteins, or destroys them, fast and wasteful
two types of causes of mutations
spontaneous
induced
production of blood cells
Hematopoesis
unzipping the DNA helix
Helicase
it may or may not be competent to support viral replication
resistant
only found in bacteria and archaea, consist of coordinated set of genes regulated as a single unit
Operons
categories of mutation
point mutation
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
silent mutation
back-mutation
frameshift mutation
hundreds of small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and control many aspects of cell development, inflammation, and immunity
cytokines
Similar to DNA, but its structure is single-stranded and contains uracil
RNA
has both lytic and lysogenic cycle
temperate bacteriophage
Define Catabolic operons
induced by substrate of the enzyme(s) for which the structural genes code
only produce the enzyme when the substrate is present
What are the different subclasses of cytokines?
interferons
interleukins
chemokines
List the different steps of transcription
1. initiation
2. elongation
3. termination