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100

What are the three subsystems of voice production?

  • Respiration (air supply — lungs, diaphragm)
  • Phonation (vocal fold vibration — larynx)
  • Resonance (vocal tract shaping — pharynx, oral, nasal cavities)
100

What are the main categories of voice disorders?

  • Functional (misuse/overuse, no structural damage) E.g. Hyperfunction
  • Structural (Organic) (growths or neurological cause) E.g. Cancer
  • Psychogenic (psychological origin) E.g. Aphonia after trauma.
100

What is GRBAS?

Perceptual rating scale of voice quality:

G = Grade
R = Roughness
B = Breathiness
A = Asthenia
S = Strain

100

What is Vocal Function Exercises (VFEs)?

Systematic program to strengthen and balance respiration, phonation, and resonance.

  • Includes sustained phonation, glides, and pitch control tasks.
  • Suitable for muscle tension dysphonia, presbyphonia.
100

What are causes of VPI?

  • Cleft palate or submucous cleft.
  • Neurological weakness.
  • Post-adenoidectomy.
200

What are the primary laryngeal cartilages?

  • Thyroid: largest, protects the VFs
  • Cricoid: ring-shaped, supports airway
  • Arytenoids: control VF movement and tension
  • Epiglottis: covers airway during swallow
200

What are examples of functional voice disorders?

  • Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD): excess laryngeal tension, strained/pressed voice.
  • Vocal nodules: bilateral, callous-like growths from misuse.
  • Vocal polyps: unilateral, soft blister-like lesion from acute trauma.
  • Contact ulcers/granulomas: from glottal attacks or reflux.
200

What is the CAPE-V?

The Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice, rating sustained vowels, sentence reading, and conversational speech on dimensions such as overall severity, roughness, breathiness, strain, and pitch/loudness deviations.

200

What is Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD)?

An intensive treatment for Parkinson’s and hypokinetic dysarthria.
* Focuses on increasing vocal effort and loudness to recalibrate sensory feedback.

200

What are treatment options for VPI?

  • Surgical: pharyngeal flap, sphincter pharyngoplasty.
  • Prosthetic: palatal lift, obturator.
  • Behavioral: oral airflow control, articulation placement, biofeedback (nasometer, mirror).
300

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles adduct the vocal folds?

  • Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
  • Interarytenoid (IA)

Abductor: Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) — only muscle that opens VFs.

300

What are structural voice disorders?

  • Laryngitis (acute or chronic).
  • Reflux laryngitis (LPR).
  • Laryngeal web, cyst, or papilloma.
  • Cancer (laryngeal carcinoma).
300

What are acoustic measures of vocal quality?

Fundamental frequency (F₀): pitch
Intensity (dB): loudness
Jitter: cycle-to-cycle frequency variation
Shimmer: amplitude variation
HNR: harmonic-to-noise ratio

300

What is Confidential Voice Therapy?

Encourages soft, easy voice production with reduced laryngeal effort, often used post-surgery or after vocal fold trauma.

300

What is hypernasality vs. nasal emission?


Hypernasality: too much nasal resonance on voiced sounds.
Nasal emission: audible airflow through nose during pressure consonants (/p, t, k/).

400

What cranial nerve innervates the larynx?

Vagus nerve (CN X) via two branches:

  • Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN): pitch control
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN): VF adduction/abduction
400

What are neurological voice disorders?

  • Vocal fold paralysis or paresis.
  • Spasmodic dysphonia (adductor or abductor type).
  • Essential tremor of voice.
  • Parkinson’s hypokinetic dysarthria (breathy, monotone).
400

What is Vocal Hygiene Education?

Teaching patients to avoid phonotraumatic behaviors (yelling, throat clearing, smoking), stay hydrated, and manage reflux or allergies.

400

What is Accent Method Therapy?

Uses rhythmic abdominal breathing and phonation to improve breath support, pitch variation, and stress patterns.

400

What is Flow Phonation?

A therapy technique that promotes relaxed and efficient voice production by coordinating breath and vocal fold function to create a smooth, balanced, and effortless sound.

500

What are the laryngeal valves?

  • Epiglottic
  • Ventricular (false VFs)
  • True vocal folds

→ Provide airway protection and phonation control.

500

What are key components of a voice evaluation?

  • Case history (onset, duration, voice use).
  • Perceptual analysis (GRBAS, CAPE-V).
  • Acoustic measures: jitter, shimmer, fundamental frequency (F₀).
  • Aerodynamic measures: subglottic pressure, airflow.
  • Laryngeal imaging: stroboscopy or videolaryngoscopy.
  • Self-assessment: Voice Handicap Index (VHI).
500

What is Resonant Voice Therapy (RVT)?

  • Promotes easy phonation with oral vibratory sensation (e.g., “mmmm”).
  • Encourages forward focus and minimal vocal fold impact.
  • Used for hyperfunctional voice disorders and post-surgical recovery.
500

What are the types of resonance disorders?

  • Hypernasality: excessive nasal resonance (often from velopharyngeal insufficiency).
  • Hyponasality: too little nasal resonance (blocked nasal passages).
  • Cul-de-sac resonance: sound trapped in oral/nasal cavity due to obstruction.
  • Mixed resonance: combination of hyper- and hyponasality.
500

What are the steps of Flow Phonation?

  • Establish Easy Airflow (No Voice)
  • Introduce Gentle Voicing
  • Add Articulation & Voice
  • Integrate into Speech
  • Integrate into conversation